文献翻译原文

Extracted from An Introduction to Functional Grammar, which is written by M.A.K.Halliday, who is a student of J.R. Firth and a major member of the London School. Halliday is a scholar who attaches importance to both systematic and functional concepts. An Introduction to Functional Grammar expounds Hallidayrsquo;s thought of functional grammar. The excerpt is from the 37^th page to the 42^ndpage.

The 37^th page to the 42^ndpage:

3.1 Theme and Rheme

In Section 2.6 we introduced the notion of a clause as a unit in which meanings of three different kinds are combined. Three distinct structures, each expressing one kind of semantic organization, are mapped on to one another to produce a single wording.

Of the various structures which, when mapped on to each other, make up a clause, we will consider first the one which gives the clause its character as a message. This is known as thematic structure.

We may assume that in all languages the clause has the character of a message: it has some form of organization giving it the status of a communicative event. But there are different ways in which this may be achieved. In English, as in many other languages, the clause is organized as a message by having a special status assigned to one part of it. One element in the clause is enunciated as the theme; this then combines with the remainder so that the two parts together constitute a message.

In some languages which have a pattern of this kind, the theme is announced by means of a particle: in Japanese, for example, there is a special postposition -wa, which signifies that whatever immediately precedes it is thematic. In other languages, of which English is one, the theme is indicated by position in the clause. In speaking or writing English we signal that an item has thematic status by putting it first. No other signal is necessary, although it is not unusual in spoken English for the theme to be marked off also by the intonation pattern (see below).

Following the terminology of the Prague school of linguists, we shall use the term Theme as the label for this function. (Like all other functions it will be written with an initial capital.) The Theme is the element which serves as the point of departure of the message; it is that with which the clause is concerned. The remainder of the message, the part in which the Theme is developed, is called in Prague school terminology the Rheme. As a message structure, therefore, a clause consists of a Theme accompanied by a Rheme; and the structure is expressed by the order — whatever is chosen as the Theme is put first. For examples of this Theme -h Rheme structure see Figure 3-1.

In the following example, which is the first sentence of the Introduction to Rogetrsquo;s Thesaurusy the Theme is the present Work:

Fig. 3-1 Theme-Rheme structure

The present Work is intended to supply, with respect to the English language, a desideratum hitherto unsupplied in any language;...

Some grammarians have used the terms Topic and Comment instead of Theme and Rheme. But the Topic - Comment terminology carries rather different connotations. The label lsquo;Topicrsquo; usually refers to only one particular kind of Theme (see Section 3.5 below); and it tends to be used as a cover term for two concepts that are functionally distinct, one being that of Theme and the other being that of Given (see Chapter 8). For these reasons the terms Theme - Rheme are considered more appropriate in the present framework.

As a general guide, the Theme can be identified as that element which comes in first position in the clause. We have already indicated that this is not how the category of Theme is defined. The definition is functional，as it is with all the elements in this interpretation of grammatical structure. The Theme is one element in a particular structural configuration which, taken as a whole, organizes the clause as a message; this is the configuration Theme Rheme. A message consists of a Theme combined with a Rheme.

Within that configuration, the Theme is the starting-point for the message; it is the ground from which the clause is taking off. So part of the meaning of any clause lies in which element is chosen as its Theme. There is a difference in meaning between a halfpenny is the smallest English coin, where a half penny is Theme (lsquo;Irsquo;ll tell you about a halfpennyrsquo;)，and the smallest English coin is a halfpenny, where the smallest English coin is Theme (Til tell you about the smallest English coinrsquo;). The difference may be characterized as lsquo;thematicrsquo;；the two clauses differ in their choice of theme. By glossing them in this way, as *Irsquo;ll tell you about we can feel that they are two different messages.

First position in the clause is not what defines the Theme; it is the means whereby the function of Theme is realized, in the grammar of English. There is no automatic reason why the Theme function should be realized in this way; as remarked above, there are languages which have a category of Theme functionally similar to that of English but which nevertheless express it in quite a different way. But if in any given language the message is organized as a Theme - Rheme structure, and if this structure is expressed by the sequence in which the elements occur in the clause, then it seems natural that the position for the Theme should be at the beginning, rather than at the end or at some other specific point.

The Theme is not necessarily a nominal group, like those above. It may also be an adverbial group or prepositional phrase, suc

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文献翻译译文

节选自韩礼德的《功能语法导论》，韩礼德是J.R.弗斯的学生，伦敦学派的主要成员。韩礼德是一位既重视系统的概念又重视功能概念的学者，《功能语法导论》一书阐述了韩礼德的功能语法思想。节选了第37页到42页的内容。

第37页到42页：

3.1主位和述位

在第2.6节，我们已经介绍了小句的概念，它是由三种不同意义结合成的一个单位。这三种不同结构分别表达不同的语义组织，它们互相映射，最后形成单个措辞。

这些不同的结构相互映射形成一个小句。我们将首先讨论为小句赋予消息特点的结构，即主位结构。

我们可以假设，所有语言中的小句都具有消息特点：它有某种组织形式，这种组织形式为小句赋予交际事件的地位。但实现这一目的的途径有很多。英语和许多其他语言一样，是通过为其中一部

分指派特定的地位来组织小句的。小句中的某个成分被当做它的主位，于是主位和剩下的部分相结合，两部分一起组成一则消息。

在一些具有同一类型的语言中，主位是通过一个小品词来阐明的：例如，日语中有一个特殊的后位成分-wa,它表示紧挨它前面的成分就是小句的主位。在其他一些语言中，包括英语，主位是由它在小句中的位置决定的。在英语口语和书面语中，我们把一个成分放在句首，表示它的主位地位，不需要再用其他标记，尽管英语口语中还常常通过语调的方式来标记主位（见后文）。

遵循布拉格语言学派的术语，我们将采用主位这个术语来标记这一功能。（和其他功能一样，这里也用首字母大写来表示。）主位是一则消息中起出发点作用的成分，是相关小句关涉的对象。消息中剩余的部分，也就是发展主位的部分，继续用布拉格学派的术语，叫做述位。因此，小句是一个消息结构，是由主位和述位构成的；有关结构通过语序来表示一一不管选择什么成分作主位，都放在句首。

lsquo;主位 述位rsquo;的结构见图3-1所示：

图3-1主位一述位结构

下面这个例子是《罗杰特类义词词典》（Thesaurus）前言的第一句话, 它的主位是the present Work：

The present Work is intended to supply, with respect to the English language, a desideratum hitherto unsupplied in any language;...

有些语法学家使用主题和述题这两个术语而不是主位和述位。但lsquo;主题一述题rsquo;术语意思完全不同。主题这个标记通常仅指一种特殊的主位（见后文3.5节），它常作为一个概括性术语使用，指两个功能完全不同的概念，一个是主位，另一个是已知信息（见第8章）。鉴于这样一些原因，我认为lsquo;主位1位rsquo;在这里的框架中更为合适。

作为一个一般原则，主位可以被认为是小句首位上的成分。我们已经指出，这不是主位这一概念的界定方式＞ 如同解释语法结构中的其他所有成分一样，主位概念是功能性的。主位是特定结构配置中的一个成分，作为一个整体，这个结构配置把小句组织成为一则消息。这就是lsquo;主位 述位rsquo;的配置。一则消息是由一个主位和一个述位构成的。

在上述配置中，主位是消息的出发点，是小句赖以展开的基础，所以小句的一部分意义取决于哪个成分被选作它的主位。以下两句的意义是有区别的：在 a halfpenny is the smallest English coin 中，a halfpenny 是主位（我要告诉你有关 a halfpenny 的事），而在 the smallest English coin is a halfpenny 中， the smallest English coin 是主位（我要告诉你有关 the smallest English coin 的事）。这里的区别可由主位来确定。两个小句的区别在于主位选择的不同。 通过“我要告诉你关于hellip;hellip;”这种方法进行解释，我们可以感觉出它们是两则不同的消息。

在英语语法中，小句句首不是定义主位的主要条件，而是体现主位这一功能的途径。没有必然理由说明为什么主位应当以这种方式来体现。正如上文所说，一些语言中有跟英语在功能上相近的主位范畴，但是表达方式截然不同。但如果某一特定语言中一则消息是以lsquo;主位一述位rsquo;结构形成的，而这种结构又以各成分在小句中的序列位置来表示的话，似乎很自然主位应该在句首，而不是在句尾或某个其他特定位置上。

主位不一定是名词词组，就像上面的例子。它还可能是副词词组或介词短语。

如图3-2中的例子：

图3-2非名词词组作主位

约翰bull;卡罗尔（John B.Carroll）为沃尔夫（Whorf）所著的《语言、思维和现实》一书写的序言，就是以副词词组once in a blue moon开始的：

Once in a blue moon a man comes along who grasps the relationship between events which have hitherto seemed quite separate, and gives mankind a new dimension of knowledge.

在英语中，主位有时是通过某些表达式，如as forhellip;， with regard to about...等来明确加以引介的，通常只有名词性主位才通过这种方式加以引介。于是，主位在小句后面的其他位置上由恰当的代词来提及——如下面两个例子中的her和it:

As for my aunt, the duke has given her that teapot. About that teapot—my aunt was given it by the duke.

这种通过代词来lsquo;提及rsquo;主位的方式，即使是在主位没有被明确引入、主位 又作主语的情况下也会发生，特别是在口语中。对比The Queen of Hearts she made some tarts.

小句的主位在口语中是不断由语调加以标记的，说话时被单独处理为一 个声调群，这一点在下面两种情况下可能性特别大：（1）主位是副词词组/介词短语；或者（2）主位是一个不作主语的名词词组——换句话说，此时的主位是人们很难意料到的（见下面的3.3节）。但在日常言语中，即使是普通的主语主位，也常常使用一个独立的声调群。一个声调群表达一个信息单位（详见第8章），如果一个小句被组织成两个信息单位，两部分之间的界限很有可能就是主位和述位之间的连接点。事实上，这是我们理解lsquo;主位 述位rsquo;结构的一个重要依据。

3.2包括一以上词组或短语的简单主位

作为第一步，我们作了两个假设：第一，小句的主位只包括一个结构成分；第二，这个成分只由一个单位来表征——名词词组、副词词组或介词短语。就前面提供的例子看，这两个假设是成立的；同样，弗思(J.R. Firth)《1934—1951年语言学论文》序言的第一句话，其主位the first chair of General Linguistics in this country 仍然是一个单一的名词词组：

The first chair of General Linguistics in this country was established in the University of London in 1944, at the School of Oriental and African Studies hellip;

在上述例子中主位是一个成分，这个成分是一个名词词组或介词短语。

这一基本类型有一个共同的变体形式，其中的主位包含两个或两个以上的词组或短语，它们组成一个单一的结构成分。小句结构的任何成分都可以由两个或两个以上的词组或短语的复合体来表征(见下文后补第7章)。这样一个词组或短语复合体以常规的方式充当主位。

示例见图3-3:

图3-3词组复合体或短语复合体作主位

这样的主位仍然属于lsquo;简单rsquo;(对应的是lsquo;多重rsquo;)主位的范畴。任何词组复合体或短语复合体在小句中都只是单一成分，例如，由and连接的两个名词词组，the Walrus and the Carpenter,构成一个名词词组的复合体。它在小句中只是一个成分，因此是简单主位。两个介词短语from house to house构成一个介词短语复合体，因此这仍然是一个简单主位。后面第7章将讨论这些lsquo;复合体rsquo;结构可能表达的各种不同关系。

叶尔姆斯列夫(Hjelmslev)所著的《语言理论绪论》由Whitfield翻译 成英文，第一句话的主位就是一个名词词组复合体language-human speech,由两个同位名词词组构成：

Language—human speech—is an inexhaustible abundance of manifold treasures.

下面是同位语作主位的另一个例子，引自汉特bull;戴维斯(Hunter Davies) 为乔治bull;史蒂芬森(George Stephenson)所作传记的内容简介：

One hundred and fifty years ago, on 15 September 1830, the worldrsquo;s first passenger railway—the Liverpool to Manchester—was opened, an event which was to change the face of civilization.

这里的主位包括两个短语，构成一个短语复合体，到lsquo;1830rsquo;结束。

上述例子中，词组或短语复合体是小句的一个单一成分，它并不是由主位系统专门构建的。还有一种专门的主位资源，据此两个或更多独立的成分可以归在一起，从而形成一个由lsquo;主位 述位rsquo;的结构构成的单一成分。实例如下:

What the duke gave to my aunt was that teapot.

这里的主位是what the duke gave to my aunt。严格地说，这仍然是一个lsquo;单项rsquo;主位，因为它现在被处理成了一个单一的成分，位于一个特定类型的小句中。

这样的小句就是大家所了解的主位等价结构，因为它把lsquo;主位 述位rsquo;的结构确立为一个等式的形式，在这里lsquo;主位=述位rsquo;。我们把这种特定类 别的小句称为识别小句，这一点将在后面的第5章5.4节详细描述，但这里简单的介绍一下，以便解释为什么它在作为消息的小句的结构中发挥重要作用。

在主位等价结构中，小句的所有成分被组织成为两个成分，然后这两个成分通过识别关系连在一起，这种关系是一种lsquo;等价符号rsquo;，由

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