全球化、妇女和贫穷 ——对盛可以《北妹》的跨文化解读外文翻译资料

 2022-12-29 10:57:38

全球化、妇女和贫穷

——对盛可以《北妹》的跨文化解读

原文作者:Kay Schaffer, Xianlin SONG

摘要:中国在全球经济中的崛起对中国女性产生了不同的影响。对于超级富豪和正在崛起的中产阶级来说,它为巨大的财富提供了机会;对于新出现的涌入大都市的下层农民工阶层来说,它带来了严重的剥削,特别是对农村妇女。本文将我们的研究定位在全球化的背景下,并通过一个独特的女性生活叙事媒介——盛可以的《北妹》,来观察全球化对农村女性生活的影响。本文证明了在新的市场经济中妇女生活的阴暗面以及全球资本主义的残酷。提出了中国在全球经济中崛起历史的另一种版本,并从先前沉默的女性视角描绘了不平等现象加剧的轨迹。盛可以的小说表现了女性世界中的黑暗,是“阴”的世界,它与“阳”——令人目不暇接的崛起共存,因为这个强大的国家正在与社会不平等和分裂作斗争。在国际传播中,《北妹》向读者展示了中国经济崛起的矛盾及其对农村外来女性的影响。

关键词:农村流动妇女;中国文学;苏支话语;亚语言

盛可以

盛可以(笔名,意为“能做”)1973年出生于湖南省东北部一个偏僻的农村。1994年,她离开了益阳附近的村庄前往深圳,深圳是一个新建立的经济特区,在她的家乡以南一千公里之外。这使她她成为中国农村剩余人口的一部分,中国农村剩余人口是农民工中的“流动人口”,他们经历了巨大的混乱和歧视,同时以自身被社会和政治排斥为代价实现了中国的经济繁荣。在20世纪90年代的经济繁荣时期,很难想象有比兰溪河边的一个农村,从与外界隔绝了几千年,到成为与香港深圳同样繁华的南部工业市场更为明显的文化转型。超过2.7亿人已经或将很快实现从乡村生活到城市生活的转变,这是一次超越“根深蒂固、难以跨越”的文化鸿沟的大规模、持续的移民;影响国家和全球宏观经济、结构力量以及中国内部微观社会力量的移民,塑造了每一个人的生活,从家庭关系到时尚潮流和道德价值。

这一现象引起了国内外社会学家的关注,但少有涉及其中的性别维度。在《北妹》出版之前,还没有关于工人,尤其是关于女工的不幸经历的生活记叙,这部作品是从她们的个人经历和观点出发的,这样一个故事的出版本身就是一个独特的事件。主流传统文学是精英、男性和都市作家的领域,在当代中国很少听到这些女性的故事。即使在20世纪80年代,女性开始在出版业上留下印记的时候,农村妇女的声音也很少见。由于教育或社会资本不足,他们没有进入出版界所需的机会和联系。这并不是说“农民”在主流文学中被忽视了,他们的生活被一些精英作家以同情地姿态当作小说的主题,当铁凝、林白、孙惠芬、王安忆、严歌苓等作家在写作中把农民作为创作主体时,他们是代表着无声的人说话,仍然保持着作者自我与农民的区别,是受社会良知和人道主义精神的驱使,或出于政治目的写作,力图对工人剥削进行纠正,这就是盛可以在当代文学界占有如此独特的地位的原因,她打破了传统期待,不仅是没有受过高等教育、出身农村的女作家,而且是自编小说的主体。此外,尽管盛出生在偏远的乡村,以农民的身份出现,但她已成为当代最有前途和最成功的作家之一,创作了六部长篇小说和许多短篇小说。她不顾几个世纪以来的文学和文化传统以及偏见,与之进行斗争,挖掘未受过教育的农民和城市精英之间的贫瘠边界,克服种种困难后,她的移民叙事很快赢得了城市读者的青睐,成为中国最受欢迎、最成功的小说之一,被中国大众和文化精英读完后,又通过翻译,被英语世界接受,并获得2012年亚洲布克奖(Man Asia Booker Prize)提名。

如果说写作给作者带来了一系列独特的问题,那么阅读她的文章就也给读者带来了一系列同样复杂的问题,特别是对于国外读者,阅读《北妹》出现在全球经济结构调整的特定历史关头。本文关注中国经济和社会力量变化的影响,尤其是对妇女生活的影响,以及性别和阶级身份的主观性的形成。它也给跨文化读者带来了阅读的新挑战,这就要求我们与一个陌生的文学环境接触,并理解来自不同社会和文化空间的思想、经验和概念。全球资本需求的产生,在文学中引起了关于性别的亚文化主观性及其(非)归属状态的新变化。

变化的潮流

从英国到中国,不同地区的社会批评家可能都会表达一种令人信服地观点:新的全球经济秩序对农村女性的生活主题没有影响。而《北妹》的主人公——背负着重担的红,似乎就是一个很好的反例。作者盛可以尽管遭遇了种种困难,还是成功地避开了经济和社会压迫的蹂躏,至少现在的她作为一名乡村女作家出人意料的成功,摆脱了严重的种族化和性别压迫。这个引人注意的例外是怎么做到的?

首先,盛很幸运,她得到了帮助。在姐姐自杀未遂后,盛到医院探望了她,并主动提出要做农村青年和医院工作人员之间的翻译。她的语言能力引起了医院主任的注意,他随后雇用她为医院接待员。盛可以的第一篇短篇小说讲述了她在医院的经历,在医院董事会有影响力的成员的帮助下出版。这一意外事件不仅让盛写下了“生存”的故事,也让她写下了一系列关于年轻女性性脆弱、被剥削、贫困和绝望的生存方式的故事。在邓小平实行改革开放的后社会经济发展和北京世界妇女大会召开几十年后妇女意识的提高中,盛的作品受到了文学期刊的追捧,找到了新的读者。她的作品不仅因为其独特性,更是因为对中国市场化时代农民工社会存在的反乌托邦式的理解,一直是值得关注的。

第二,盛具有与生俱来的聪敏和坚毅的决心。她在生活经历和写作中展示的是被征服的知识的力量。她按照自己的写作方式叙事,全然不顾霸权主义的低等观念和那些以低级素质为标志的人的低等认知。她的写作也许不能成为为工人阶级提供希望的基础,但它确实揭露了农民工作为人的需要和征服生活的欲望。在《北妹》中,盛通过钱小红(一个教育程度低、社会资本有限、地位低下的农村女孩)发出了声音,她通过对自己生活事件的证词,对新社会秩序的不道德性和官僚机构内复杂的权力动态提出了严厉的批评。这部小说提供了一个平台,不管它多么脆弱,从中可以追溯到中国新一代世界主义者的产生和现状,及其移民工人主体化的权力结构。

在很多方面,盛可以的人生轨迹就像《北妹》这部小说一样不符合预期。她是一个难得的例外,一个农民工逃脱了命运,成为一个成功的小说家。她不仅在生活中,也在写作中,违抗了中国当代文学的传统。2011年在悉尼举行的中澳文学论坛上,她在讲述成为成为小说家的经历时承认,在开始写这本书之前,她不知道如何写小说,她说,她只是带着“充满写故事的胃口”接近这一步。在最近的一次采访中,盛对自己的创作发表了评论,她说:“小说需要违背生活既定准则的力量,挑战黑暗和无知,而不是适应新的社会环境。”新的社会环境已被证明对像她这样的移民女性是有害的,她没有迎合这种新的社会环境,而是有选择地无视这些条件去生活和写作。

从不受现有文学知识的束缚,以不加入主观情感的坦诚讲述农村生活的故事。她的素描风格并不总是赢得评论家的称赞,然而在当今社会意识多样的时代,她的地位却上升了。例如,2014年中国批评家周婷用“侵犯之美”来描述《北妹》的社会和审美影响,她说:“盛的语言就像一把刀刃,穿透了社会底层女性的物质和精神层面的压迫,暴露了残酷的现实。”另一位当代批评家赵燕萍也回应了这些评论,她认为盛的小说代表了沉默和被剥夺生活的人,使他们的声音不是通过精英学者和受过教育的作家所表达,远离了底层移民女性日常生活中存在的悲惨现实,而是来自一个本就生活在社会底层的人的笔下。

结论

盛可以的《北妹》证明了全球化资本主义的残酷,见证了底层工人阶级悲惨的生活,他们的劳动作为商品不仅支撑着中国在世界经济市场上的崛起,也支撑着新自由主义的世界秩序。从深刻的性别视角来看,它记录了21世纪全球范围内独特的底层阶级的一部分。盛可以的叙述表现了社会灰色政策的实践,这些政策的实践不仅适用于中国的资本主义市场经济,也适用于英国和美国等西方民主国家。揭露日常生活不稳定的本质和全球底层阶级边缘化的现状,打破了自由主义改革议程的乐观主义。他们属于新自由主义资本的一个新的、黑暗的阶段。这提醒读者,无论是身边还是远方,对于越来越多的人——移民、难民、寻求庇护的人、穷人和残疾人来说,“没有办法逃离悲惨的生活。”同时,《北妹》也呈现了中国全球经济崛起史的另一种版本。它从女性的视角描绘了一条男女不平等现状不断加重的轨迹。盛可以的小说表现了女性世界中的黑暗,是“阴”的世界,它与“阳”——令人目不暇接的崛起共存,因为这个强大的国家正在与社会不平等和分裂作斗争。正如本文开篇所言,全球经济结构调整使中国面向世界的两个方面得到了调整:一个是权力和影响力日益增强的富裕阶层;另一个是以“北妹”为代表的贫穷底层在黑暗中到处漂泊。在这个残酷的资本时代,中国的“北妹们”成为全球的底层阶级,他们的贫穷和剥削似乎难以解决。尽管如此,在数字技术影响深远,信息流动迅速的时代,我们至少能偶尔听到来自底层的声音,并记录下他们对美好未来的渴望。《北妹》在其多个译本和国际发行中,使人们对中国经济崛起和移民女性的矛盾有了更加细致的理解。这部小说在全球的传播和接受建立了一种关于国际社会底层工人阶级中黑暗的女性生活的跨文化意识。它还引出了对中国特有的种族化和性别歧视的解释。无论是在中国,还是在其他新自由主义和后工业国家,都可以(或有希望)改变这些特殊的种族歧视,为那些被剥夺权利的工人创造一种可持续的生活条件。

外文文献出处:Front. Lit. Stud. China 2017, 11(4): 666-687 DOI 10.3868/S010-006-017-0036-0

附外文文献原文:

Front. Lit. Stud. China 2017, 11(4): 666-687 DOI 10.3868/S010-006-017-0036-0

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Kay Schaffer, Xianlin SONG

Globalization, Women, and Poverty:

A Transcultural Reading of Sheng Keyis Northern Girls

Abstract Chinas rise within a global economy has had diverse consequences for Chinese women. For the super rich and the rising middle class, it has offered opportunities for vast wealth. For the newly emergent underclass of migrant workers who have flooded to the cities, it has engendered exploitative states of vulnerability, especially for rural women. In this paper we locate our inquiry in the context of globalization and its impact on rural womens lives as witnessed through the medium of a unique and distinctive womens life narrative, Sheng Keyis Bei mei (Northern Girls). The text testifies to the underside of womens lives within the new market economy, documenting the cruelty of global capitalism. It presents an alternative version of the history of Chinas rise in the global economy and maps a trajectory of increasing inequality from a previously silenced female perspective. Sheng Keyis world speaks to the sordid world of women, the world of yin. It coexists with the dizzying ascent of the yang—as the powerful nation grapples with social inequality and fragmentation. In its international circulation, Northern Girls opens readers to the contradictions and ambivalent aspects of Chinas economic rise and its consequences specifically for migrant women.

Keywords rural migrant women, Chinese literature, suzhi

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Front. Lit. Stud. China 2017, 11(4): 666-687 DOI 10.3868/S010-006-017-0036-0

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Kay Schaffer, Xianlin SONG

Globalization, Women, and Poverty:

A Transcultural Reading of Sheng Keyis Northern Girls

Abstract Chinas rise within a global economy has had diverse consequences for Chinese women. For the super rich and the rising middle class, it has offered opportunities for vast wealth. For the newly emergent underclass of migrant workers who have flooded to the cities, it has engendered exploitative states of vulnerability, especially for rural women. In this paper we locate our inquiry in the context of globalization and its impact on rural womens lives as witnessed through the medium of a unique and distinctive womens life narrative, Sheng Keyis Bei mei (Northern Girls). The text testifies to the underside of womens lives within the new market economy, documenting the cruelty of global capitalism. It presents an alternative version of the history of Chinas rise in the global economy and maps a trajectory of increasing inequality from a previously silenced female perspective. Sheng Keyis world speaks to the sordid world of women, the world of yin. It coexists with the dizzying ascent of the yang—as the powerful nation grapples with social inequality and fragmentation. In its international circulation, Northern Girls opens readers to the contradictions and ambivalent aspects of Chinas economic rise and its consequences specifically for migrant women.

Keywords rural migrant women, Chinese literature, suzhi discourse, subaltern

Kay Schaffer (^)

Gender Studies, Napier Building, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia E-mail: kay.schaffer@adelaide.edu.au

Xianlin SONG (网)

Department of Asian Studies, University of Western Australia Crawley, WA 6009, Australia E-mail: xianlin.song@uwa.edu.au

Sheng Keyi

Sheng Keyi (a pen name that translates as “can do”) was born a peasant in a remote rural village in 1973 in the northeastern part of Hunan Province. She left her isolated village near Yiyang in 1994, bound for Shenzhen, a newly established Special Economic Zone, a thousand kilometers south of her home. With this move she became part of Chinas rural surplus, one of the “floating population” of migrant workers who have experienced massive dislocation, disadvantage, and discrimination in their own lives while enabling Chinas economic boom at the cost of their own social and political exclusion. It would be difficult to imagine a more pronounced cultural transition than from a peasant village on the Lanxi River, cut off from the outside world for thousands of years, to the bustling southern industrial marketplace of Shenzhen, Hong Kongs neighbor, during the economic boom of the 1990s. And yet, Sheng is one of the 800 million peasants, more than 270 million of whom have effected, or will soon effect, a transformation from village to urban life—a massive and ongoing migration across a cultural gap that is “deep rooted and difficult to cross”; one that affects national and global macroeconomic and structural forces as well as micro social forces within China, shaping everything from family relationships to fashion trends and moral values.

This phenomenon has been of growing interest to sociologists both within and outside of China, although seldom with attention to its gendered dimensions. Until the publication of Northern Girls, no life narrative had been produced that followed the (misfortunes of the workers, and in particular the women workers, from the personal experience and perspective of one of their own. In fact, the publication of such a story is a unique occurrence in itself. In the mainstream literature, traditionally the domain of elite, male, urban-based writers, one hears little about these women in contemporary China. Even when women began to make a mark on the publishing industry in the 1980s, rural womens voices were largely absent. With little education or social capital, they had neither the opportunities nor the connections necessary to enter the world of publishing. This is not to say that “peasants” have been neglected in mainstream literature. Their lives have been taken up as the subject of fiction by some elite writers, often sympathetically. However, when those writers, like Tie Ning 铁凝,Lin Bai 林白,Sun Huifen 孙惠芬,Wang Anyi 王安忆,and Yan Geling 严歌苓,portray peasants as sympathetic subjects in their writing, they speak on behalf of the voiceless, maintaining self-other distinctions, even if they are motivated by a social conscience or humanitarian spirit, or, if they write with political intent, as a corrective to the workers exploitation. This is why Sheng Keyi occupies such a unique place in the contemporary literary scene. She confounds both tradition and expectation. Not only is she uneducated and of rural origin, she is also the subject of her self-styled novel. Further, although Sheng was born in a remote rural village and presents as a peasant, she has become one of the most promising and successful writers of her generation, with six novels and numerous short stories to her name. Even to become a writer, she had to defy centuries-old literary and cultural traditions and prejudices, negotiating a treacherous boundary between uneducated peasant and elite urban dweller. Defying the odds, her migrant narrative quickly won over an urban audience to become Chinas most popular, successful, and award-winning novel, read by the masses and the elite alike, before being translated, received, and welcomed into the English-speaking world and nominated for the Man Asia Booker Pri

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