English original
English original comes from Michele Gibney”Ono no Komachi: Love and Desire” 1 to 13 pages.
Ono no Komachi: Love and Desire
The poetry of Ono no Komachi can be read in many lights. The two ways in which I feel its message and context can be best appreciated are through feminine independence and masculine subjection. Ono no Komachi wrote poetry that was evocative of the feminine ideal of longing for a male, but she also wrote poetry which denigrated the need for a woman to rely on a male. Through a self-critical reader analysis of some of her poems, I will show that Komachirsquo;s poetry can be read a comprising a longing for the world of men, and men in particular, in the earlier part of her life, and a longing for meaning or purpose in the latter portion of her life.
The reason that I find Ono no Komachirsquo;s poetry to be effective in conveying her dual longings is because of her utilization of imagery. When she is writing about sexual longing she uses phrases which translate to:
From my yearning the embers of my love
Send sparks leaping in my breast,
Setting my heart aflame.
Komachi longs for her lover not only in the abstract poetical form, but in the intense bodily reactions to the lack of her lover in the bed. Passion is a tool in Komachirsquo;s poetry, both to rouse it in others as well as to document her own spiraling feelings. Her heart is not merely aflame, her entire poem/body pulses with the desire she feels, and you can sense that through the choice of associations. In each one of these lines there is a mention of fire and burning: “embers”, “sparks”, “aflame”. The culmination of the heat of embers sparking the tinder of her heart inflames her and makes of her very body a flame. Therefore, not only can Komachi be aflame, but a flame. In this translation Komachirsquo;s poetry provides context for her love and of her body as a beacon of light for wayward lovers to find her once again. In another translation of this very same poem, the final three lines are translated as follows:
I rise in longing—
My breast pounds, a leaping flame,
My heart is consumed in fire. (Keene, 78)
The choice of the word “consumed” here offers a very different version of Komachi. In this treatment it seems more as if her longing will not only create a fire in her, but it will destroy her. Lack of consummation will consume her, thus leaving her heart with nothing—it will be burned completely and be no more. A third translation expressed this even more concretely, “While within me my heart chars,”2 as the final line, or a final translation of the closing line, “My heart burns up.”
In a way, Komachirsquo;s love can be read as a danger to her self. Not so much her bodily self as her sense of self, being entirely engrossed in the quest to find and mate, she is missing out on many other things which the world might have to offer her. The percentage of her poetry which is spent in dream-time wanderings and imagining suggests that she spends more time in an illusionary world than the real one. One of the poems that best showcases her use dreams as both an escape and a solution is the following:
Since encountering
my beloved as I dozed,
I have come to feel
that it is dreams, not real life,
on which I can pin my hopes.
She has spent so much time thinking about this nebulous “beloved” that she begins to dream about him also, and to even purposefully set out to dream about him.5 In another translation of this poem, she claims that “It is dreams that / Have begun to comfort me.”6 She will “pin her hopes” on the dream and that will “comfort” her as the reality of her love is that she never sees the beloved in the flesh. Either this could mean that her life is secluded and she cannot physically see him, or it could also mean that her beloved is a fanciful image that she carries around with her and that he doesnrsquo;t really even exist.
Eventually, however, through her poetry you can begin to sense that even dreaming is not going to be able to fulfill the need for Komachi. She becomes morose and increasingly introspective in some of her other poems. The notable one, of course, is:
The flowers withered,
Their color faded away,
While meaninglessly
In this poem, Komachi expresses a fixation on her old age and coming death, which was a large part of the Japanese culture—a fixation on the in transient life. Admittedly, itrsquo;s a part of any culture wherein human beings all grow old and die, however in Heian Japan with nothing better to occupy their time, people could wax poetical on the subject of growing old and never tire of attempting to romanticize it. In this poem by Komachi she compares herself and her beauty to a flower that has withered, to colors which have faded as she has grown older and her youth has passed. A bit of self conceit is certainly involved in this high opinion of her former glory, but it was also an aspect of the Japanese cultural ideal at the time to be beautiful and attractive; as it was the only commodity that woman had to trade in the patriarchal court system where females were kept pampered and protected by powerful men. Also, legend has it that Komachi was one of the foremost beauties of her age, as can be seen in the Noh plays which were subsequently written about her. Komachi does however mock herself a little in this poem by saying that it is her own fault for letting time slip through her fingers in idle contemplation and meaningless, petty court activity, and perhaps pointless dreaming for a man that never comes. The rain, of course, is evocative of tears falling at this womanrsquo;s sorrow for a past that she will never see again. The poem could also be read as a complaint of loneliness from a woman who has grown old and lost her beauty; who
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外文文献及翻译
文献、资料题目:Ono no Komachi: Love and Desire
文献、资料来源:Michele Gibney.“Ono no Komachi: Love and Desire”http://works.bepress.com
文献、资料出版日期:2004.11.2
外文原文出自Michele Gibney编著的《Ono no Komachi: Love and Desire》中1—13页。
英文译文:
小野小町:爱与欲望
Michele Gibney
小野小町的诗歌可以从很多角度解读。其中两种我从上下文得出的信息中最欣赏的是女性独立和男性的隶属度。小野小町写过唤起男性渴望的女性理想,也写过女人依靠男人的需要。通过自我批判和对她的一些诗的分析,我认为,从小町的诗歌可以读取出包含对人类世界的向往,尤其是对男性的渴望在她生命的早期和后期尤为明显。
我发现小野小町的诗歌能有效传达她的渴望的原因是因为她利用意象。当她在写关于性渴望时,她用短语翻译:
从我的爱的余烬我的渴望
在我的乳房发火花的跳跃
让我的心中燃烧。
小町渴望她的爱人不仅表现在抽象的诗歌形式,而且在于强烈的身体反应的描述。激情是小町诗歌中的一个工具,既能唤醒其他情感,还能记录她自己的螺旋感情。她的心不仅仅是燃烧,她所有的身体冲击与她感觉的欲望,你能感觉到。这些线索的每一个都有提到火的燃烧:“火种”、“火花”、“燃烧”。火的余烬引发她内心的火种热的高潮使她使他身体很火热。因此,小町不仅可以被燃烧,并且是个火焰可燃烧他人。在翻译小町诗歌可以发现她的爱和她的身体是任性的。在同一首诗的另一个翻译中,最后三行翻译如下:
我在渴望中升起—
我的乳房磅,跳跃的火焰,
我的心被火吞噬。
“消费”这个词在这里提供了一个非常不同的版本。在这种治疗中,似乎她的渴望不仅会在她身上制造一个火,而且会毁了她。缺乏完美将吞噬她,使她的心失去任何东西,它将被彻底烧毁。三分之一的翻译更具体地表达了这一点:“在我内心深处”作为最后一行,或最终翻译的最后一行,“我的心燃烧起来”。
在某种意义上,小町的爱情可以说是她自己制造的危险。与其说是她的身体自我,不如说是她的自我意识,完全沉浸在寻找和交配的过程中,她错过了许多其他的事情世界可能要向她提供的东西。她的诗歌是花费在梦想中漫游和想象,表明她在一个虚幻的世界花更多的时间来体验。其中一首诗,能更好地展示她使用梦想作为一个逃避现实的解决方案:
自从遇到
我亲爱的我打瞌睡,
我已经感受到
那是梦想,不是真实的生活,
我可以寄托我的希望。
她花了这么多时间思考这个模糊的“亲爱的”,她开始梦到他,甚至刻意去梦见他。在另一个翻译的诗中,她说“这是梦想/已经开始安慰我”她将“寄托她的希望”的梦想,将“安慰”她,因为她的爱的现实是,她从来没有看到心爱的人。要么这可能意味着她的生活是隐蔽的,她不能看到他,也可能意味着她心爱的是一个幻想的形象,她随身携带与她和他不真的存在。通过她的诗歌,你可以开始感觉到连做梦都无法满足小町的需要。她变得孤僻和越来越内省。当然,值得注意的是:
花枯萎了,
他们的颜色消失了,
而无意义
这首诗中,小町表达了她晚年的固定不变和即将到来的死亡,这是日本文化对固定在短暂的生命中的阐释。诚然,任何文化的人都变老和死亡,但是日本平安时代又有什么能更好的利用自己的时间呢?所以人们只能可以用诗意这永不疲倦的主题来表达。在这首诗中小町她比较自己和美丽的花朵,花朵已经枯萎,凋谢了,而她已经长大了,她的青春是已过气的颜色。她对自己昔日的辉煌有着高度的评价,这同时也是日本文化理想中美丽动人的一个方面,在父权制法院制度中,女性被强大的男人所保护和保护,这是女性必须要做的。小町不但在这首诗中嘲笑自己一点说,这是她自己让时间从手指间流逝得毫无意义,小法庭活动对于也许毫无意义的梦想的人,永远不会来。雨,是令人回味的,眼泪落在这个女人的悲哀,过去的他再也看不见了。这首诗也可以被看作是一个女人的孤独的抱怨,她已经老了,失去了她的美丽,谁现在独自在她的生命结束,因为她没有采取她美丽的好处,而她有它自己的人。在一个预期的婚外调情中寻找真爱是困难的。我发现这首诗也可能表达对一些从未经历过的诗人的愿望或说是渴望。接下来的这首诗似乎暗示,小町从来想过没有找男子成婚的想法:
他没有意识到
我不是
像摇曳的海藻在冲浪,
在海藻采集
他能经常来。
海草是一个日本的枕头字,用来表示一对夫妇的想法,像海带在海上缠绕。他们的叶子飘在水下,但总是联合在基地。在这首诗中,小町表明,她是“不像摇曳的海带,“她不是一个“海藻采集”地寻找,他经常如此,她不允许自己是被他挑选。这首诗的有效性在于它使用了一个共同的主题词。这首诗和前一首诗的对比似乎是显示其丢失的东西。她不想结婚,但她也感到失望,她必须展示她的生活。我想分析的最后一首诗可能会为浪费生命的综合症提供一个进一步的出路,那就是依赖于那些最终无法为她提供她想要的东西的男人。在开始写的时候,小町可以被理解为一个诗人所描绘的女性所想要的男性和女性在一个男性缺乏的时代;我引用表明小町的愿望和渴望男性在其所有的激情和梦想的精神,也是女人的愿望,展示出她生命的消散美丽和没有婚姻或真爱已经浮出水面。总之,我想提出我的下列诗:
花开
却没有种子
海神
花环
白浪海上。
这首诗在翻译中最有可能被解释成几种方式,但一种解释是关于阳痿男性。波浪冲击海岸,却没有种子。对这些诗每一解释取决于什么人们知道的日本的文化。我要明确的是绝对不可能的我的实际意图,激发了这些诗为这个在第九世纪的女人,因为很少有人知道她的生活。这首诗可能是关于精子计数低吗?可能不是,但那是我要离开是因为它提供了另一个我在小野小町的生活概念作为一个传奇。也许她从未拥有过一个孩子。也许她成了独自死去的不仅仅是守卫队长的鬼魂,还有她从未有过的孩子,她从未活过的生命。小町的诗歌有效地激发读者视觉,显现其忧虑和悲哀的人格特性。
另外,在中国古代中,金瓶梅最能体现爱与欲望。其用文字显示出社会和传统的儒家价值观的崩溃。两个可以被集中体现的人物是西门大官人和李瓶儿。一方面,西门庆代表统治者不遵循儒家系统和王国分崩离析的窘况,另一方面,体现了所有正确的标准,以及理想的互惠生活。通过比较这两个人物可以得出,金瓶梅提倡儒家的统治者都是多余的和不适当的人性的实践。
在儒家的术语中,一个仁慈的,或者好的统治,表现在统治者给人们行为的表率。西门庆被证明是一个坏的统治者因为他没有为他人提供一个很好的例子,大卫在他介绍这个翻译时指出:
道德榜样的力量从社会的顶点向下移动的金字塔,如果社会的领导者hellip;hellip;不锻炼他们的道德责任,培养自己的美德,树立一个好榜样,不可避免的结果将是社会秩序的崩溃。
这个“崩溃”是由于这样一个事实,即统治者之下的人将不知道跟随他的榜样。这方面的一个很好的迹象是在西门庆的妻子背着她丈夫和仆人在一起。当她第一次背着西门庆与她原来的丈夫通奸的行为似乎被默认,她也知道西门庆睡在别家妇女家甚至在隔壁。这个作者在引用隔壁邻居的话说,如果一个人的做法,“无情的耗散和无限制的许可;这样的人希望他的妻子不会让其他的想法左右她的头脑确实是徒劳的“(罗伊,284)。这个邻居是西门庆的朋友,不仅和西门庆也和他老婆睡觉。以西门庆为例,他的妻子是缺乏任何约束,当谈到性的时候,那么他可以指望潘金莲继续忠实于他?然而,他显然认为当他发现她的不忠时,他会大发雷霆。至于潘金莲自己,她似乎在与她丈夫躺在别处是没有错的。事实上,不仅潘金莲,而且小伙子也不在乎他们打破道德禁忌,至于结果,西门庆杀了他们。他们夫妇其中之一显示完全无视道德规范或地位的区别;另外,通过带走好色的欲望,明显无视违反法律。(罗伊,232-233)
这两不顾的东西:道德、地位、婚姻、法律制度,这些东西西门庆也表现出轻率的态度。他会把任何东西不管她地位如何或是否已经结婚。他蔑视法律,利用自己的金钱和地位的施压。它表明,如果他这么做,家里的人为什么不一样?儒家的价值尊重你的统治者,因为他显示你尊重不存在于这个缩影的社会和它的缺乏,可以看到一个可怕的系统崩溃会发生。
西门庆他死于过度的性活动,他的儿子的名字中文含义是孝顺,因此被带走出家为僧,从而放弃世界和家庭的名字。这是儒家传统中的一个关键点,那就是孩子们会尊敬长辈,也认为父母的头发和肉是神圣的。孩子会剃光他的头,而不继承家族就没有人祭拜祖先,因此结束家族耻辱。西门庆并没有为他的家庭提供一个很好的例子。他没有培养他的个人生活来实现论语的仁爱哲学,实现礼与人的方法。西门庆做这些事情;他浪费生活,放肆挥霍。他的个人生活很难培养,因为他只会在任何特定的时间做任何他想做的事,而不负责他的家庭。他未能培养自己的生活,以达到良好的,并在这样做,他挑起混乱。孔子在《大学问》中写道:“当个人生活得到培养时,家庭将受到调节。当家庭受到管制时,国家将有序。当国家的是,会有整个世界的和平。”西门庆几乎控制不住自己了,他没有办法为了能发挥他的家人,这是造成这个家庭灾难的原因。儒家价值观的缺失是家庭衰败的起因。金瓶梅提供的例子如西门庆的行为,在陈文超的解释下,这部小说提供了西门庆的对立面所应遵循的一个例子结。陈文超是绝对完整的“正式”(罗伊,190)。他是“正确和正直”,“忠孝”(罗伊,190-191)。“普通人”和“长老”“歌颂赞美”和“歌颂他的美德”,(这个人被人民所爱戴,他被人敬畏,因为他代表了社会应该珍视的儒家价值观。他读经典,他实践仁爱,孝顺,是仁慈的统治者的统治提供了一个示范的榜样。
陈文超可以看作一个另一个西门庆,因为因为他为儒家模型提供了一个很好的反例。陈文超是先等他将武松判死刑后,再设法安排他的逮捕和监禁。武松是这本书中最感同情的人物他的哥哥是西门庆和潘金莲所杀,武松最终为了回报和担当这个家庭,复仇杀死潘金莲为结束的浪子的缩影。
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