大学本科生的网络成瘾与学业成绩之间的关系
Noreen Akhter
Center for Counseling and Career Advisory, National University of Sciences and Technology, NUST HQ Campus Islamabad, Pakistan.
Accepted 18 July, 2013
摘要 本研究的目的是研究大学本科生的网络成瘾与学业成绩的关系。 该研究着重研究网络成瘾在性别之间的差异。 样本由359所大学本科生组成。他们对上一学期的“网络成瘾量表”和GPA的回应,使用的统计描述包括t检验,方差分析和线性回归分析。 结果表明,网络成瘾与大学本科生的学业成绩存在负相关关系。 结果表明网络成瘾在性别上有差异。 男性学生的网络成瘾高于女性。 基于以上的研究结果,提出了一些建议,为未来研究做实际应用的参考。
关键词:网络成瘾 学业成绩 性别。
引言
网络正在成为广泛接受信息交流的渠道。世界各地的用户规模数量正在经历巨大的增长和发展。网络已被广泛运用的好处包括:与朋友保持联系,制定假期计划,管理财务,协助教育需求等,即也是网络的积极影响。关于过度使用网络的负面影响的文献也在增多(Chou and Hsiao,2000; Frangos and Frangos,2009)。网络成瘾是一个比较新的研究领域,有不到十年的历史。目前的研究试图调查网络成瘾与学业成绩的关系。网络成瘾被定义为“个体”无法控制自身的网络使用,最终导致心理,社会,学校,工作,个人的学习生活不健康。“(Chao and Hsiao,2000)。
研究结果表明,过度使用网络或网络成瘾会对自己身体健康、家庭生活、学业成绩造成不利影响,。网络成瘾造成的学业不良现象包括学习习惯不好,成绩明显下降,逃课。此外,青少年网络成瘾者经常受严重的心理困扰,如抑郁症;焦虑;害怕没有网络的生活会是空虚和无聊的;以及孤独感和社会孤立感增强。 Mafe和Blass(2006)提出了一个依赖网络的年轻人和老年人相比,比起老年人网络用户,年轻人更容易成为网络成瘾者。(即19岁到24岁之间)(Soule et al。,2003; Thatcher andGooloman,2005)。 Young和Rogers(1998)提出大学生被认为是高风险网络成瘾群体。可能的原因是离开父母身边,没人监视学习,可用的空闲时间都没有顾忌学习(Kandell,1998)。苏哈伊和驳船(2006)也提出了网络接入的一些好处,大学生表示通过使用网络,增加与同学和教授的沟通,查看图书馆和教育数据库,以及改善学习时间和学习习惯。尽管如此,使用网络也有好处,但研究人员坚持认为大学生摆脱网络成瘾风险特别高。这项研究中需要说明的是大学生网络成瘾会影响学业成绩。之前的青少年网络使用研究一直专注于网络成瘾现象(Na,2004; Kim,2004; Son,2003)。各种研究表明网络使用对“学业成绩”有负面影响。
几项研究表明网络使用有性别之间的差异。 Weiser(2000)说明了网络使用的性别差异很重要。 他说明男性与女性相比更熟悉电脑和网络。 关于网络成瘾的文献中说到性别差异相同。Scherer(1997)统计依赖网络的男性女性用户比例 ,舒马赫(2000)认为病理性网络用户中男性用户比女性用户多。
1995年,网络在巴基斯坦首次推出。近年来,发现巴基斯坦的网络使用量急剧增长。 苏哈伊和驳船(2006)调查巴基斯坦本科生过度使用网络造成的影响。目前研究将进一步把网络成瘾的现象加入其中,增加现有的知识体系。
本研究进行了以下研究目标 首先调查本科生与网络成瘾之间的关系。 其次,研究网络成瘾对大学生学业成绩的影响, 最后,参考网络成瘾研究性别差异。
为了达到目标,制定了以下假设:
- 大学本科生网络成瘾与学业成绩之间存在负相关关系。
- 网络成瘾对大学本科生的学业成绩有负面影响。
- 网络成瘾上的性别差异很大。
窗体底端
研究方法
研究对象
采用方便抽样选取被试。 400名学生填问卷, 但是,有259名学生未完成问卷。 共有156人,有103名女生。 被试的年龄范围17-23岁,平均年龄19.34岁,标准差为1.25。
研究工具
网络成瘾:Young 开发的青年网络成瘾测试(IAT)(1998)。 IAT包括20个题目,5分评级,从强烈同意到强烈不同意。 总分数范围是20-100。 得分le;49正常,50-79被认为是有问题的,80-100显然有问题。
学业成绩:学生的学业成绩以上个学期的平均成绩为准。给学生简单介绍了本研究的性质和目的。对学生数据的保密性有保证。学生填写问卷平均时间为20分钟。填好后采集数据,数据采用SPSS 17统计分析。
结果
数据使用SPSS 17版进行分析
表1.平均值,标准差,alpha;,和变量之间的相关关系。
Variables |
M |
SD |
alpha; |
GPA |
Internet addiction |
39.23 |
12.48 |
.86 |
-.130* |
GPA |
19.97 |
1.23 |
--- |
--- |
表2.网络成瘾对学业成绩的预测的简单线性回归分析。(N = 259)
Model |
B |
SE |
beta; |
t |
p |
|
Constant |
3.24 |
.122 |
||||
Internet addiction |
-.006 |
.003 |
-.130 |
-2.07 |
.039 |
|
R2= .13 |
Delta;R2= .017 |
|||||
F= 4.3, |
Plt;.05 |
表1表明了网络成瘾与学业成绩之间的相关性。研究结果表明,网络成瘾具有重要意义,与学业成绩呈负相关(r = -13,p lt;.0 *)。 表1也介绍了变量表明网络成瘾量表达到可接受的alpha可靠性
表2表明了简单的线性回归分析是为了确定网络成瘾对学生ACADE的影响。 结果表明网络成瘾对学生学业有重大 影响。 网络成瘾预测因素在学业界占13%,学生学业的beta;值显示(beta;= - .13,t = -2.07,p lt;.05。)
表3表明了简单的线性回归分析是为了找出影响网络成瘾的性别。 性别被虚拟编码为0和1,以便进行回归分析。 结果表明性别也是网络成瘾的重要决定因素。 结果表明,男性网络成瘾者的预测值beta;值显示(beta;=-18,t = -2.9,p lt;.05)。
表4表明了独立t检验计算网络成瘾上的性别差异。 结果表明,男生倾向于网络成瘾行为比女性高得多。
Model |
B |
SE |
beta; |
t |
p |
|||||
Constant |
.621 |
.936 |
||||||||
gender |
-6.23 |
2.08 |
-.18 |
-2.9 |
.003 |
|||||
Delta;R2= .056 |
||||||||||
Plt;.001 |
Male |
Female |
|||||||
n=156 |
n=103 |
|||||||
Variables |
M |
SD |
M |
SD |
t |
P |
df |
|
Net Addiction |
40.23 |
12.32 |
37.07 |
11.47 |
2.07 |
.039 |
257 |
这项研究的主要目的是研究大学本科生的网络成瘾与学业表现关系。 首先,网络成瘾计算了alpha;系数以确保当前样品的可靠性。 实现了高可靠性系数,即0.86这表明本研究的规模是适合可靠的。
在现有文献的基础上,假设网络成瘾会对学生的学业成绩造成负面影响。结果是按照规定的假设,被各种研究表明相同的结果,更多的网络使用依赖用户失学和留级的概率增大(Young,1998;Scherer,1997)。作为一个学生,一个人几乎不能没有考试,作业,小组项目,各种各样的课外活动等。学生是否可以拥有良好的学业成就很大程度上取决于学生的健康,每个人的学校工作时间管理,以及他/她工作的难度。还有一些研究表明网络可以分散学生的学习(Barber,1997; Brady,1996年Young,1998)。事实上这也可以解释,学生往往花费这么多的时间在网上活动上,使得他们很少或者不规划时间(格里菲斯,2000)。事实也可以表明,一个学生失去了集中精力的能力,可能是因为深夜上网(Frangos和Frangos,2009)。这些以前的所有研究支持,学业成绩的现状是网络成瘾最重要的预测因素。
本研究的目标之一是研究性别对网络成瘾行为和成绩的影响。 为了达到所定目标,假设结果显示,男性是男性网络成瘾的重要预测因素是符合Scherer(1997)的发现。 然而,这个发现可能仅仅是因为世界各地男性更多比女性使用网络。 另一个网络成瘾百分比的表明,在女性中较低,涉及女大学生的家庭监督比男性高,特别是在东方文化中,可能会阻止女性在网络上花费时间(Tsai et al。,2009)。
然而,目前的研究有一些限制。 首先,样本仅从一个研究中选出; 通用调查结果与本科生统一人口总数的比较,本科生有限。 其次,只有调查网络成瘾对学生学业表现的影响,认知和社
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Relationship between Internet Addiction and Academic Performance among University Undergraduates
Noreen Akhter
Center for Counseling and Career Advisory, National University of Sciences and Technology, NUST HQ Campus Islamabad, Pakistan.
Accepted 18 July, 2013
The purpose of this study was to study the relationship between Internet addiction and academic performance among university undergraduates. The study also focused to examine the gender differences among students on internet addiction. The sample comprised of 359 university undergraduates. Their responses to the “Internet Addiction Scale” and GPA for the previous semester were collected and analyzed using methods including descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and simple linear regression analysis. The results suggested that internet addiction was a significantly negatively correlated with academic performance of university undergraduates. Results also suggested gender difference in internet addiction. Male students had higher internet addiction than female ones. Based on the above findings, some suggestions were proposed as a reference for practical applications and future research.
Key words: Internet addiction, academic performance, gender.
INTRODUCTION
Internet is becoming a widely accepted channel for information exchange and networking. It is experiencing tremendous growth and development in its size and numbers of users all over the world. The benefits of the internet have been widely researched and include keeping in touch with friends, making vacation plans, managing finances, assisting with educational needs etc. Despite the positive effects of internet, there is growing literature on the negative effects of its excessive use (Chou and Hsiao, 2000; Frangos and Frangos, 2009). Internet addiction is a rather new research area, which has less than ten years history. The current study attempted to investigate the relationship between internet addiction and academic performance of the students.
Internet addiction is defined as, “an individual‟s inability to control his or her use of the internet, which eventually causes psychological, social, school, and/or work difficulties in a person‟s life” (Chao and Hsiao, 2000).
Research findings have shown that excessive use of Internet or Internet addiction adversely affects ones physical health, family life, and academic performance. Academic problems caused by Internet addiction include decline in study habits, significant drop in grades, missing classes, increased risk of being placed on academic probation, and poor integration in extracurricular activities. Besides, adolescent Internet addicts often suffer from severe psychological distress, such as depression; anxiety; c feeling of self-effacement; fear that life without Internet would be boring, empty, and joyless; as well as feeling of loneliness and social isolation. Internet users are not a homogenous group. Mafe and Blass (2006) proposed that a profile of internet-dependent users is young. Young internet users (that is between 19 to 24 years old) were more at risk of becoming internet addicts than older users (Soule et al., 2003; Thatcher and Gooloman, 2005). Young and Rogers (1998) suggested
E-mail: nrnakhter@yahoo.com. Tel: 0092-051-90851573.
1794 Educ. Res. Rev.
that university students are considered as high risk group for internet addiction. The possible reasons could be available free time, no monitoring because of being away from parents and sometimes to get away from tough university routine (Kandel, 1998). Suhail and Bar gees (2006) also reported some benefits of internet access for college students. They indicated that internet usage impacts education in a positive way by increasing communication with classmates and professors, increasing access to libraries and educational databases, and improving study hours and study habits. Despite these benefits of internet use, researchers have maintained that college students are at particularly high risk for developing internet addiction. The important effect that needs to be investigated in this study is whether internet addiction will affect the academic performance of students. Previous studies on internet use of teenagers have been inclined to concentrate on Internet addiction (Na, 2004; Kim, 2004; Son, 2003). Various studies have reported that internet usage has a negative impact on students‟ academic performance. Jeong (2005) examined the difference in academic performance of elementary school students by Internet use. On the basis of the existing literature it was hypothesized that internet addiction would have negative impact on academic performance of the university students.
Several studies have reported gender differences in internet usage. Weiser (2000) reported significant gender difference in internet usage. He reported that males tend to be more familiar with the computers and internet as compared to females. Same gender differences were stated in the literature concerning internet addiction. Scherer (1997) suggested that dependent internet users included a large proportion of men as compared to women. Similar results were reported by Morahan-Martin and Schumacher (2000) that males were more likely to be pathological internet users than females. Keeping these findings in view, it was hypothesized that male students would be associated with addicted internet usage as compared to females.
In Pakistan, the Internet was first introduced in 1995. During recent years, a dramatic growth in the use of Internet has been observed in Pakistan. Few researches have been conducted in the field of cyber world and its impact on adolescent‟s behavior. Suhail and Bargees
(2006) investigated the effects of excessive internet use i
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