Structure of Bulidings
A building is closely bound up with people, for it provides people with the necessary space to work and live in. As classified by their use, buildings are mainly of two types: industrial buildings and civil buildings. Industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling, employment, education and other social activities. The construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings. However, industrial and civil buildings differ in the material used, and in the structure forms or systems they are used. Considering only the engineering essentials, the structure of a building can be difined as the assemblage of those parts which exist for the purpose of maintaining shape and stability. Is primy purpose is to resist any loads applied to the building and to transmit those to the ground. In terms of architecture, the structue of a building is and dose much more than that. It is an inseparable part of the building form to varying degrees is a generator of that form. Used skillfully, the building structure can establish or reinforce orders and rhythms among the architecture volumes and planes. It can be visually dominant or recessive. It can develop harmonies or conflicts. It can be both confining and emincipating. And, unfortunately in some cases, it cannot be ingored. It is physical.
The structure must also be engineered to maintain the architecture form. The principles and tools of physics teand mathematics provide the basis for differentiating between rational and inrational forms in terms of construction. Artists can sometimes generate shapes that obviate any consideration of science, but architects cannot. There are at least three items that must be present in the structure of a building: stabily, strength and stiffness, economy. Taking the first of the three requiements, it is obvious that stability is needed to maintain shape. An unstable building structure implies unbalanced forces or a lack of equilibrium and a consequent acceleration of the structure or its pieces. The requirement of strength means that the materials selected to resist the stresses generated by the loads and shapes of the structure(s) must be adequate. Indeed, a “factor of safety” is usually provided so that under the anticipated loads, a given material is not stressed to a level even close to its rupture point. The material property called stiffness is considered with the requirement of strength. Stiffness is different form strength in that it directly involves how much a structure strains or deflects under load. A material that is very strong but lacking in stiffness will deform too much to be of value in resisting the forces applied.
Economy of a building structure refers to more than just the cost of the material used. Construction economy is a complicated subject invovling raw materials, fabrication, erection, and maintenance. Design and construction labor costs and the costs of energy consumption money(interest) are consumption must be consiedered. Speed of construction and the cost of money(interest) are also factors. In most design situations, more than one structural material requires consideration. Completive alternatives almost always exist, and the choice is seldom obvious. Apart form these three primary requirements, several other factors are worthy of emphasis. First, the structure or suctructural system must relate to the buildingrsquo;s function. It should not be in conflict in terms of form. For example, a linear function demands a linear structure, and therefore it would be improper to roof a bowling alley with a dome. Similarly, a theater must have large, unobstructed spans but a fine restaurant probably should not. Stated simply, the structure must be appropriate to the function it is to shelter. Second, the structure must be fire-resistant. It is obvious that the structural system must be able to maintain its integrity at least until the occupuants are safely out. Building codes specify the number of hours for which certain parts of a building must resist the heat without collapse. The structural materials used for those elements must be inherently fire-resistant or be adequently protected by fireproofing materials. The degree of fire resistance to be provided will depend upon a number ofitems, including the use and occupancy load of the space, its dimensions, and the location of the building. Third, the structure should integrate well with the buildingrsquo;s circulation systems. It should not be in conflict with the piping systems for water and waste, the ducting systems for air, or (most important) the movement of people. It is obvious that the various building systems must be coordinated as the design progresses. One can design in a sequential step-by-step manner within any one system, but the design of all of them should move in a parallel manner toward completion. Spatially, all the various parts of a building are interdependent. Fourth, the structure must be psychologically safe as well as physically safe. A highrise frame that sways considerably in the wind might not actually be dangerous but may make the building uninhabitable just the same. Ligheweight floor systems that are too “bouncy” can make the users very uncomfortable. Large glass windows, uninterrupted by dividing motions, can bu quite safe but will appear very insecure to the occupant standing next to on 40 floors above the street. Sometimes the architect must make deliberate attempts to increase the apparent strength or solidness of the structure. This apparent safety may be more important than honestly expressing the buildingrsquo;s structure, because the untrained viewer cannot distinguish between real and perceived safety.
The building designer needs to understand the behavior of physical structures under load. An ability to intuit or “feel” structural behavior is possessed by tho
剩余内容已隐藏，支付完成后下载完整资料
Structure of Bulidings
A building is closely bound up with people, for it provides people with the necessary space to work and live in. As classified by their use, buildings are mainly of two types: industrial buildings and civil buildings. Industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling, employment, education and other social activities. The construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings. However, industrial and civil buildings differ in the material used, and in the structure forms or systems they are used. Considering only the engineering essentials, the structure of a building can be difined as the assemblage of those parts which exist for the purpose of maintaining shape and stability. Is primy purpose is to resist any loads applied to the building and to transmit those to the ground. In terms of architecture, the structue of a building is and dose much more than that. It is an inseparable part of the building form to varying degrees is a generator of that form. Used skillfully, the building structure can establish or reinforce orders and rhythms among the architecture volumes and planes. It can be visually dominant or recessive. It can develop harmonies or conflicts. It can be both confining and emincipating. And, unfortunately in some cases, it cannot be ingored. It is physical.
The structure must also be engineered to maintain the architecture form. The principles and tools of physics teand mathematics provide the basis for differentiating between rational and inrational forms in terms of construction. Artists can sometimes generate shapes that obviate any consideration of science, but architects cannot. There are at least three items that must be present in the structure of a building: stabily, strength and stiffness, economy. Taking the first of the three requiements, it is obvious that stability is needed to maintain shape. An unstable building structure implies unbalanced forces or a lack of equilibrium and a consequent acceleration of the structure or its pieces. The requirement of strength means that the materials selected to resist the stresses generated by the loads and shapes of the structure(s) must be adequate. Indeed, a “factor of safety” is usually provided so that under the anticipated loads, a given material is not stressed to a level even close to its rupture point. The material property called stiffness is considered with the requirement of strength. Stiffness is different form strength in that it directly involves how much a structure strains or deflects under load. A material that is very strong but lacking in stiffness will deform too much to be of value in resisting the forces applied.
Economy of a building structure refers to more than just the cost of the material used. Construction economy is a complicated subject invovling raw materials, fabrication, erection, and maintenance. Design and construction labor costs and the costs of energy consumption money(interest) are consumption must be consiedered. Speed of construction and the cost of money(interest) are also factors. In most design situations, more than one structural material requires consideration. Completive alternatives almost always exist, and the choice is seldom obvious. Apart form these three primary requirements, several other factors are worthy of emphasis. First, the structure or suctructural system must relate to the buildingrsquo;s function. It should not be in conflict in terms of form. For example, a linear function demands a linear structure, and therefore it would be improper to roof a bowling alley with a dome. Similarly, a theater must have large, unobstructed spans but a fine restaurant probably should not. Stated simply, the structure must be appropriate to the function it is to shelter. Second, the structure must be fire-resistant. It is obvious that the structural system must be able to maintain its integrity at least until the occupuants are safely out. Building codes specify the number of hours for which certain parts of a building must resist the heat without collapse. The structural materials used for those elements must be inherently fire-resistant or be adequently protected by fireproofing materials. The degree of fire resistance to be provided will depend upon a number ofitems, including the use and occupancy load of the space, its dimensions, and the location of the building. Third, the structure should integrate well with the buildingrsquo;s circulation systems. It should not be in conflict with the piping systems for water and waste, the ducting systems for air, or (most important) the movement of people. It is obvious that the various building systems must be coordinated as the design progresses. One can design in a sequential step-by-step manner within any one system, but the design of all of them should move in a parallel manner toward completion. Spatially, all the various parts of a building are interdependent. Fourth, the structure must be psychologically safe as well as physically safe. A highrise frame that sways considerably in the wind might not actually be dangerous but may make the building uninhabitable just the same. Ligheweight floor systems that are too “bouncy” can make the users very uncomfortable. Large glass windows, uninterrupted by dividing motions, can bu quite safe but will appear very insecure to the occupant standing next to on 40 floors above the street. Sometimes the architect must make deliberate attempts to increase the apparent strength or solidness of the structure. This apparent safety may be more important than honestly expressing the buildingrsquo;s structure, because the untrained viewer cannot distinguish between real and perceived safety.
The building designer needs to understand the behavior of physical structures under load. An ability to intuit or “feel” structural behavior is possessed by tho
剩余内容已隐藏，支付完成后下载完整资料
资料编号：[603576]，资料为PDF文档或Word文档，PDF文档可免费转换为Word
课题毕业论文、外文翻译、任务书、文献综述、开题报告、程序设计、图纸设计等资料可联系客服协助查找。
