An Analysis of the Enlightenment from Modern Chinese Architectures Traditional Architecture Structure
Analysis the inspiration of China traditional mortise and tenon structure to the modern design
Abstract: The emergence of the “sunmao” structure is the great wisdom of the Chinese people in the process of creation. Behind its amazing technology, it contains a richer structure and harmonious beauty. It is an extraordinary technique and art. Perfect combination, this is the deduction of modern design thought. Through further understanding of the skeleton structure, we can get a lot of enlightening thoughts.
Keywords: germanium structure; modern design; rationality; practicability; balance
Abstract:The emergence of mortise and tenon structure is big wisdom embodied in the creation process by the Chinese people. Behind the stunning technology, contains richer beauty about structure and harmony, this is a perfect combination of technology and art, this is the modern design Theory. Through the further understanding of the tenon and mortise the structure, we can get a lot of thought-provoking revelation.
Key words: mortise and tenon structure; modern design; reasonable; practicability;
introduction
Chinese traditional architecture occupies an extremely important position in the architectural history of China and even the whole world. The reason why traditional Chinese architecture is famous all over the world is that it is inseparable from its strict structure and strict structural features. This is also its essence. As one of the most prominent features of Chinese traditional architecture, the squat structure is the soul of Chinese ancient architecture for thousands of years. Its profound cultural connotation, scientific rationality of structure, superb processing technology, and introverted humanistic art Such aspects are all breathtaking. In the process of the study of the traditional architectural structure, the author sighs the great wisdom of the ancients in structural design, and at the same time comprehends the profound cultural connotation and promotion of the spirit of the Chinese nation, which inspires modern design. Thought has an important reference value.
1. Structure
The crucible structure is a joint method in which a concavo-convex process is usually applied to two connected members in a solid wood furniture [1]. As the essence of Chinese traditional structure, the “ sunmao” structure is the earliest language with scientific design meaning in China. This ancient structure can be traced back to the Hemudu period from 5000 to 3,000 BC. The ancestors created a detachable mechanism to create a wooden house. Because of its creativity, its structure is earlier than the origin of Chinese characters. In the history of the Chinese nation, the smashing structure, like the invention of Chinese characters, goes back to ancient times and is self-contained. It has undergone constant innovation by various generations of skilled craftsmen. There are nearly one hundred basic forms and many derivation. The traditional Chinese architecture has been able to maintain for hundreds of years and the structure is still solid, thanks to the clever design of the concrete structure.
A wide variety of concrete structures are classified into three categories according to their cooperation: one is mainly used to connect the surface to the surface, and it can also be the combination of two sides, and it can also be the interface between the surface and the edge. Combining, etc.; the other is as a 'point' structure method. Mainly used for vertical and vertical timber T-joint, angled combination, cross-bonding, and extension joint of straight material and curved material, such as 'Shoulder', 'Double', 'Double Clip', 'Hook' There are also three types of construction methods that combine components with one another. In addition to using some of the above joint structures, Some of the more complicated and special practices. For example, there are common horns, lengths, shoulders, and horns [2].
2. The design idea and enlightenment reflected in the concrete structure
First, design rationality
The skeleton structure of Chinese traditional architecture is different from other arts and crafts such as jade, wood carving and stone carving. The skeleton structure is not for decoration. Every bump of it, every piece of wood has its own rationality and necessity. . Architectural design is not only to meet the visual aesthetics, but also strong and durable. From the mechanics point of view, the ancients in the design of the building structure, the pursuit of the force will be evenly distributed to each piece of wood, in some complex defects. In the structure, a piece of wood is connected with wood in multiple directions and in multiple directions. This means that the piece of wood is subjected to forces from different directions. This requires the carpenters to grasp the structure very skillfully and accurately. Can be described as best use, no more than a lot of just right, so that not only can save materials, but also to ensure that the object is solid and reliable, fully reflects the ancient peoples understanding of green design and ecological design.
The same is true of modern design. Nowadays, both industrial design and art design put the rationality of design in a very important position. More and more designers and engineers realize that the appearance is not the structure of the vassal, the products The appearance and structure are inextricably linked. At the same time, the rationality of the design cannot be neglected simply for pursuing the formal beauty of the product. The appearance and structure need to complement each other. The combination of the two will optimize the rationality of the design.
In addition, from an aesthetic point of view, each concrete structure is designed in accordance with the shape of the buil
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浅析中国传统榫卯建筑结构对现代设计的启示
Analysis the inspiration of China traditional mortise and tenon structure to the modern design
摘要：榫卯结构的出现是中国人在造物过程中的体现的大智慧，在它令人惊叹的技术背后，蕴藏着更丰富的结构与和谐之美，是一种超乎寻常的技术与艺术的完美结合，这正是现代设计思想的演绎，通过对榫卯结构的更进一步认识，我们可以得到很多引人思考的启示。
关键词：榫卯结构；现代设计；合理；实用性；平衡
Abstract：The emergence of mortise and tenon structure is big wisdom embodied in the creation process by the Chinese people. Behind the stunning technology, contains richer beauty about structure and harmony, this is a perfect combination of technology and art, this is the modern design theory. Through the further understanding of the tenon and mortise the structure, we can get a lot of thought-provoking revelation.
Key words: mortise and tenon structure; modern design; reasonable; practicability; balance
引言
中国传统建筑在中国乃至全世界的建筑历史中都占有极其重要的地位。中国传统建筑之所以名扬四海，和它结构严谨、结构严实的特点是分不开的，这也是其精髓所在。而作为中国传统建筑最突出特点之一的榫卯结构，正是几千年来中国古代建筑的灵魂所在，其深刻的文化内涵，结构的科学合理性、高超的加工技术以及内敛厚重的人文艺术等方面无不令人叹为观止。笔者在对传统建筑榫卯结构探讨研究的过程中，感叹古人对于结构设计的大智慧的同时，也领悟到榫卯结构其深刻的文化内涵和对中华民族精神的弘扬，而这些对于启发现代设计思想更有着重要的借鉴意义。
1、榫卯结构
榫卯结构是实木家具中通常在相连接的两构件上采用一种凹凸处理的接合方式[1]。榫卯结构作为中国传统结构的精华，是中国最早具有科学设计意义的语言，这一古老的结构可以追溯到公元前5000-3000 年的河姆渡时期，先祖们为了造木房灵机一动而产生可拆卸的创意，因此榫卯结构比起汉字发源更早。在中华民族的历史上，榫卯结构如同汉字的发明源远流长、自成体系，经历了各代能工巧匠的不断创新，基本形制有近百种，且派生极多。中国传统建筑能够保持几百年而结构依然牢固，皆归功于榫卯结构的巧妙设计。
种类繁多的榫卯结构，按合作用来归类，大致可分为三大类型：一类主要是作面与面的接合，也可以是两条边的拼合，还可以是面与边的交接构合，如“槽口榫”、“企口榫”、“燕尾榫”、“穿带榫”、“扎榫”等；另一类是作为“点”的结构方法。主要用于作横竖材丁字结合，成角结合，交叉结合，以及直材和弧形材的伸延接合，如“格肩榫”、“双榫”、“双夹榫”、“勾挂榫”、“楔钉榫”、“半榫”、“通榫”等；还有一类是将三个构件组合一起相互联结的构造方法，这种方法除运用以上的一些榫卯联合结构外，都是一些更为复杂和特殊的做法。如常见的有“托角榫”、“长短榫”、“抱肩榫”、“粽角榫”等[2]。
2、榫卯结构体现的设计思想和启示
一、设计合理性
中国传统建筑中的榫卯结构不同于其他的手工艺品，如玉石，木雕石雕等，榫卯结构不是为了装饰而存在，它的每一个凹凸，每一块木料都有其存在的合理性和必要性。建筑设计不仅仅要满足视觉的美观性，还要足够结实耐用，从力学的角度，古人们在建筑结构设计时，追求将受力均匀的分散到每一个块木料上，在一些复杂的榫卯结构中，一块木料与多个角度多个方向的木料相接，这意味着这块木料要承受来自不同方向的力，这就要求木匠们对于结构的把握非常熟练并且精确无误。可谓是物尽其用，不多不少恰到好处，这样既能节约用料，还能保证物件的牢固可靠，充分体现了古人对绿色设计和生态设计的理解。
现代设计亦是如此，现如今无论是工业设计还是艺术设计，都将设计的合理性放在非常重要的位置，越来越多的设计师和工程师都意识到，外观不是结构的附庸，产品的外观与结构是密不可分的，同时不能单纯为了追求产品的形式美而忽略了设计的合理性，外观与结构需相辅相成，两者相互结合将设计的合理性做到最优化。
另外，从美学的角度来说，每个榫卯结构都跟随建筑本身造型而设计，无论是把榫卯结构暴露在外（明榫）还是隐藏在内（暗榫），都设计的很合理到位，去掉所有累赘，简洁质朴，加上木材本身带有的质感，整件建筑的整体风格呈现出一种和谐的，刚中带柔，柔中带刚的美感。无论是造型、结构、材料，榫卯结构都体现出一种理性的平衡之美。
二、设计实用性
榫卯结构的一大特点就是实用性极强，采用榫卯结构的建筑结构合理，抗震性强，并且可以重复利用。榫卯结构充分利用木材本身的特性，少用胶不用钉，运用自然接合的方式，经过工匠的精心设计和制作，成就了它结实耐用的优点。一个方向的榫卯,由于木材水分变化，会不断地收缩和膨胀，用不了多少年就会自动松脱。而不同方向嵌接的榫卯，胀缩的作用力会互相抵消。当多个榫卯组合在一起时，就会在复杂微妙的变化中达到一种平衡与和谐。这与西方砖石结构建筑 “以刚克刚” 的设计理念就很不一样，中国传统的榫卯结构建筑采用“以柔克刚”的设计方式，在抵抗地震冲击力时，通过巧妙的结构设计，以最小的代价，将自然破坏力降低至最小程度。我国许多古代建筑都成功地经受住大地震的考验，如天津蓟县独乐寺观音阁、山西应县木塔等建筑，千百年来经历过多次地震仍然屹立不倒。地震时，当砖石建筑纷纷倒塌之际，木材却因其特有的柔韧性和延展性，使榫卯跟着地面的震动而变成绵延起伏的木浪，涟漪过后，又恢复平静。[3]与此同时，自然接合的方式也充分体现了古人对绿色设计、生态设计的追求。
三、注重内涵
中国传统建筑的榫卯结构中透露着一种简约的现代美。欣赏榫卯，不像欣赏其建筑的外表那么容易，它是一种理性的、内在的、是一种具有神秘感的抽象符号隐藏在建筑的每个角落之中。这种设计风格的建筑细节乍一眼看，似乎其貌不扬，但是却有着赏心悦目的内涵，摒弃了繁复的装饰和花纹，剩下的是极简主义下的结构美和简约美。将榫卯结构拆解开来，隐藏在简洁下的复杂与精致就展现在世人眼前，每一个凸起和凹陷都恰到好处，组合在一起可谓是天衣无缝，充分体现了工匠聪明的头脑和精湛的技艺。而更深层次的，它体现的是阴阳结合，刚柔并济的传统造物思想。这样的设计很容易让人联想到举世闻名的瑞士名表，麻雀虽小五脏俱全，表壳里隐藏着成百上千个运转流畅的精密齿轮。而被设计界普遍认可的北欧设计的设计思想似乎也与中国古人的思想不谋而合，两者都推崇简洁和富有内涵的设计，这也正是现代设计的一大趋势，用精密复杂的内部结构来支撑极简的外部造型，让使用者能够拥有最好的体验。不过令人遗憾的是，我们看到很多设计恰恰违背了这一趋势，过分的追求外观造型而忽视设计内在的功能和用户体验，成了一副空壳子。
四、贴近生活，以人为本
相比于那些华丽的玉石，精美的瓷器等等，榫卯结构并不是贵族的专利，虽然现在在建筑结构上榫卯结构已不多见，但我们还是可以看到很多日常使用的木质家具都采用榫卯结构制成，这是一项在民间非常普及的技艺，其设计风格也是朴素的，简洁的，抛开宫廷贵族式的华丽，用途当然也更平民化。这些平日里随处可见的东西，恰恰凝聚了匠人的大智慧，每一块木料的长度，位置，都经过他们的悉心考究，虽没有现代发达的高科技但也准确无误，使用起来也是得心应手。设计不应该总是天马行空的想象，更多的应该去观察探索生活中的细节，感悟生活才能发现生活中需要什么。
3、总结
“榫卯”的意义不仅仅在于它对建筑或家具本身的贡献，而在于“榫卯”本身所体现出的平衡、和谐、简约的内在气质与涵养，在“凹”与“凸”的矛盾之中演绎出更深层次的人生观和哲学。榫卯带给我们的生态观，和谐观和实用观等，都是现代设计值得学习和借鉴的。榫卯，作为一种关系的形式，蕴涵有“和谐有序”的意义；作为一种系统的表现，蕴涵有“周全稳妥”的意义；作为一种精神的体现，蕴涵有“内敛恭谦”、“诚恳朴实”和“温文尔雅”的意义。[4]
参考文献
[1]百度百科http://baike.baidu.com/view/1800853.htm.
[2]刘娜,周磊.浅谈中国明清家具的榫卯结构[J]. 美术大观,2012(5).
[3]罗艺晴.浅谈中国传统的榫卯结构[J].山西建筑,2009(24).
[4]潘刚.从民间家具看中国榫卯结构之美[J].艺术市场,2006(11).
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