日本乡村的“非设计设计”景观外文翻译资料

Nanjing Tech University

毕业设计英文资料翻译

Translation of the English Documents for Graduation Design

英文原文：

A Landscape of “Undesigned Design” in Rural Japan

Abstract: Rural landscapes have long stimulated nostalgia for a simpler time and place. In contemporary Japan, real economic and social problems in the countryside have brought new attention to the role of rural communities in the formation of Japanese identity. In this paper I introduce Kurokawa, a hot springs resort that has spent the past three decades emulating the rural idyll through what it calls fumacr;keizukuri, or “landscape design,” en route to becoming one of Japanrsquo;s best known rural tourist destinations. I contextualize Kurokawarsquo;s adoption of a themed landscape in the mid-1980s, and explain the design choices that have gained Kurokawa so much attention, including those found in the built and natural environment. Here, I emphasize the role local actors have played in creating and enacting the landscape. I conclude by showing how the villagersquo;s adoption of a nostalgic rural theme has strengthened its status as not only an exemplar of the idealized aesthetics and social relations of the past, but also a rare rural community successfully adapting to the present.

Keywords: Landscape; tourism; Japan; theme; nostalgia

Introduction

The hot springs resort of Kurokawa lies deep in the mountains of central Kyūshū, approximately 80 miles southeast of the regional hub of Fukuoka. Kurokawa is a rare bright spot in a Japanese countryside suffering from the problems of rural outmigration and economic decline found elsewhere in the world. In contrast, Kurokawa has thrived thanks to tourism. Since the mid-1980s, Kurokawa has emerged from obscurity to become one of the countryrsquo;s best-known hot springs resorts and a major tourist destination in the region. The village of a few hundred permanent residents annually draws around a million tourists who soak in the springs, purchase souvenirs, stay in one of 25 traditional inns, and otherwise enjoy its rural landscape (Kurokawa Onsen Kankō Ryokan Kyōdō Kumiai 2012a). Although little known outside the country, Kurokawa has attracted attention from more than tourists. Japanese academics, planners, landscape architects, and designers have taken an interest in this little mountain village. In 2007, Kurokawa even received the Japan Institute of Design Promotionrsquo;s “Good Design Award,” in recognition for its nostalgic village landscape that “at a glance appears undesigned” (ikken nanimo dezain shiteinai youni mieru) (Samp;T Institute of Environmental Planning and Design 2008, 34). In this paper I analyze Kurokawarsquo;s “undesigned” tourist landscape and the decades of fūkeizukuri, or “landscape design,” that shaped it. I explain Kurokawarsquo;s adoption of the theme of the furusato, or “hometown,” in the mid-1980s, when postwar nostalgia for the Japanese countryside became widespread, and I discuss how Kurokawa continues to profi t from a collective fear that Japanrsquo;s rural villages are vanishing, thereby threatening a perceived source of Japanese cultural identity. Then I explore the design choices that

Figure 1

Kurokawa and northern Kyushu . (Courtesy of Chris McMorran, 2013)

Embody the collective cultural heritage of the furusato, which have gained Kurokawa so much attention, including those found in the built and natural environment. Here, I emphasize the role local actors have played in creating and enacting the landscape. As I show, this role is highlighted in the narrative of fūkeizukuri, which strengthens the villagersquo;s status as not only an exemplar of the idealized aesthetics and social relations of the past, but also a rare rural community successfully adapting to the present. Overall, Kurokawa off ers a non-Western example of a themed tourist landscape that presents an idealized past for cultural and political gain, while adapting to contemporary needs. I base this study on twelve months of fi eldwork conducted in Kurokawa and surrounding villages between 2004 and 2007. I interviewed business owners and residents, shadowed inn workers, and conducted participant observation in seven inns. This included 10 to 12-hour workdays spent shuttling guests to and from the village bus stop, sweeping paths, scrubbing indoor and outdoor baths, washing dishes, cleaning rooms, and countless other tasks required to make

Figure 3

Figure 3 Built in 1993, the Kaze no ya (“wind hut”) hosts the Kurokawa Onsen Tourist Ryokan Association and tourist information center. (From Kurokawa Onsen no fumacr;keizukuri, p. 15. Reprint courtesy of Samp;T Institute of Environmental Planning and Design)

Figure 2

Aerial view of Kurokawa. (From Kurokawa Onsen no fumacr;keizukuri, p. 7. Reprint courtesy of Samp;T Institute of Environmental Planning and Design)

Guests feel “at home” (see McMorran 2012). My interests in the tourist landscape and my willingness to work in Kurokawarsquo;s inns and get my hands dirty, so to speak, opened doors among landscape planners, business owners, and residents who consider their landscape work their legacy to their families and the region. Interviews were informal and did not follow any script; however, the conversation inevitably linked to the landscape, a topic respondents were very vocal about. In some cases, I was fortunate to interview locals while walking through the landscape, which prompted comments on specifi c landscape design elements. I also analyzed media

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