建设后现代主义的思想政治教育价值
YU Yong-yue
LI Jian
摘要:本文通过对现代性的分析和批判,建构后现代主义重建了符合人类精神需要和价值追求的后现代世界观,提升了人的主体精神,实现了人的主体价值。强调人的价值和价值世界,是思想政治教育的主旨所在。
关键词:后现代主义;思想政治教育;主体价值
(一)建设性后现代主义的内涵
启蒙运动以来,科学与理性成为最高的指导思想和判断标准。科学和理性是相辅相成、相互依赖,并遵循科学、尊重理性,从而变成了时尚的现代史。人类工业革命的伟大实践和不断发展的技术,甚至突出了人类理性的巨大力量。理性作为现代性的出发点,因而成为重要的表征,自那时以来就受到人类的广泛青睐。赞誉和推崇放在从人类理性开始变成极端的人逐渐认识到通过改变世界的实践理性的实践意义。以二元论和决定论为特征的现代理性也开始侵蚀人类思想和实践的各个方面,理性也随之泛滥。情况恰好相反,当事情变得极端时,情况就会相反。人类相信自己的力量可以决定一切,甚至改变一切的时间,和人类理性的力量毫无保留地体现在人类面前的时候,人类观察理性的真面目也不难,包括优点和缺点以及亮面和暗面。人类开始反思自己的理性,或开始对理性具有客观化、机械论和还原论的哲学思想,世界观和方法论。在现代性反思中,后现代主义自二十世纪以来对现代性进行了全面深入的批判,成为反现代性的先驱。
然而,无论深刻地暴露现代性的种种缺陷,后现代主义虽然在人类社会的现代性实践中已经成为一种不可忽视的重要思潮,但它并未得到社会的广泛支持,它的作用和意义甚至还有进一步的探讨。原因包括后现代主义的复杂性,各种理论派别,和丰富的观点;另一方面,也许更重要的是,后现代主义,从现代性的起源和发展,变成了破坏,极端的否定和破坏性,以及任何“意识形态霸权”,由于对现代性缺乏深刻的认识。这种后现代主义拥有人们深刻理解现代性的不可替代的意义;这类后现代主义不过是不可取的,需要现代性完整的人类现代化进程的社会实践的最基本的态度。令人鼓舞的是,以John B. Cobb、Jr.和David Griffin为代表的思想家们为后现代主义创造了建设性的维度,也被称为自上世纪70年代以来的建设性、重建性和肯定性后现代主义。
建设性后现代主义和破坏性现代主义具有超越现代性的共同点,不同的是超越现代性的态度和方法。建设性后现代主义的观点来看,超越现代性表明超过个人主义、人类中心主义、父权制、机械论、经济主义、消费主义、民族主义和军国主义在现代社会存在的让人们摆脱现代机械,科学,二元,家长式的、欧洲中心主义,人类中心主义、军国主义、还原的世界”。由此可以得出结论,建设性后现代主义是批判和否定现代性霸权而不是它的存在性和现代性的局限性,而不是它的优势。它对物质和精神的进步引入现代化而憎恶的负面影响的同时,现代化。
在建设性后现代主义的观点,所谓的“现代”的世界观在欧洲出现在十七世纪和领导科学,技术和产业取得的成就;然而这并没有阻止(或原因)前所未有的分裂,出现了虚无主义,和破坏的破坏力。”人类的战争在技术上繁盛的时代增强,人类生存环境被无休止的利益驱动力严重受损,和世界疾病的暴露在人们的面前日益发达的社会。
在建设性后现代主义的观点,世界发病率不仅具有自然环境的破坏,也与精神文明衰落和毒害人类的灵魂以及。随着自然环境的破坏相比,人类精神文明的破坏是一个“更阴险的和深刻的邪恶”。建设性后现代主义因此就打算重建与人的精神需求和价值追求的基础上,对现代性进行了深入的分析和批判后现代主义世界观线,创造与自然人的关系,人与社会,人与人,希望人们在现代化过程中或已实现现代化可以享受丰富的进展介绍了现代性而克服现代性的缺陷的人,促进人的主观精神和实现人的主体价值。
(二)建设性后现代主义与思想政治教育价值观之比较
根据向久宇教授的定义,所谓的思想政治教育价值观是在人与人、人与社会的思想政治教育的实践与认识活动的建立,它是一种主观和客观的人的思想政治品德形成和发展的关系的测量,如果与思想政治教育的本质的存在是一致的,适合他们的一系列关系判断,贴近人性,目的和需求。其本质是价值主体–人的政治社会化与思想政治教育–满足人民的政治社会化的对应关系和属性的需要,必要的和规定的综合统一的思想政治教育价值的本质和规定通过这两者之间的联系形成。因此,在现阶段的现代化进程和当代观念的传播中,建设性后现代主义和思想政治教育至少在以下几个方面有共同点:
首先,同样的人生态度。当今世界的繁荣是历史所不能比拟的,它所带来的种种问题,也是历代难以想象的。面对种种问题的严峻现实,格里芬代表着建设性的后现代主义,既没有空公地,也不靠运气,而是主动探索解决问题的方法,为人类寻求出路。务实进取的进取精神无疑是有价值的,值得借鉴。在思想政治教育方面,作为改革人民思想、提高人民生存能力、享受生活的实践活动,这种务实进取的态度是必要的。因此,建设性后现代主义与思想政治教育在最基本的方面有着共同点。
第二,同样的目标。当今世界的繁荣是历史所不能比拟的,它所带来的种种问题,也是历代难以想象的。面对种种问题的严峻现实,格里芬代表着建设性的后现代主义,既没有空公地,也不靠运气,而是主动探索解决问题的方法,为人类寻求出路。务实进取的进取精神无疑是有价值的,值得借鉴。在思想政治教育方面,作为改革人民思想、提高人民生存能力、享受生活的实践活动,这种务实进取的态度是必要的。因此,建设性后现代主义与思想政治教育在最基本的方面有着共同点。
第三,同样吸引人的方法。正如王志赫教授所说,与消极的后现代主义相比,建设性的后现代主义,而更着重于构建新的事物和世界观。或者说,建设性后现代主义希望在深刻分析和理解现代性的基础上,重建一个更符合人类生存和发展的世界观,从而在精神上摆脱现代性的种种制约,拯救世界和人民脱离异化现实。因此,建设性后现代主义倾向于对现代性各种弊端进行精神上的批判和批判,从观念上重建人们对世界、现实和人民自身的思想体系,从而使制度成为超越现代性、重新实现人的价值的途径。这种方法恰好与思想政治教育的机制相吻合,或借助精神力量的途径,通过观念的更新和完善来改善人的精神境界,从而更好地改变世界,实现人的实践行为中的人的价值。认识世界的能力的提高,与人们改变世界能力的进步有着积极的意义。客观世界对精神世界的影响是客观存在的,是思想政治教育存在的基础,也是方法论对建设性后现代主义的共鸣。
可以肯定的是,建设性后现代主义注重超越现实,它源于人类实践的发展,旨在超越现代性的局限性。在思想政治教育方面,二者既有共同点,又有利于在全球化和开放的背景下进行沟通和整合。积极探索和分析建设性后现代主义思潮对思想政治教育的价值,无疑是一种具有深远意义的交流话语权。
(三)建设性后现代主义思想政治教育价值观的意义
研究建设性后现代主义思潮对思想政治教育的价值,无论是在全球化语境下思想政治教育的主体地位,还是在新的历史条件下思想政治教育的进步,都具有重要的意义。
首先,这是思想政治教育主体地位的反映和要求。在全球化时代,不同国家的民族精神不可避免地扩散到各个地方,这必然会导致民族精神的引入。当不同层次的各种思想在社会中泛滥时,无疑增加了人们从垃圾中提取黄金的难度,也增加了人们思想的不成熟和不稳定。对于思想政治教育,作为正确的民族精神的引导,对各种思想体系的合理分析,是有效批判思想政治教育的基础,也是正确发挥思想指导作用的需要。更重要的是,它反映了全球化时代思想政治教育的主观状况,要主动分析各种思潮,从垃圾中提炼黄金,这就需要在这场激烈的思想交融中有效地发挥其作用。
第二,思想政治教育是一种特殊的教育活动,建设性后现代主义提供了丰富的有益的精神价值。一方面,后现代的世界观,促进人的价值进行品牌新的诠释,人与人之间的关系,和世界以及人和自己最新的科学研究和人类实践的维度;而世界观客观链接到马克思主义相关的理解,他们就成长为新的品牌新的历史环境基础和强大更有说服力。第二方面,建设性后现代主义所尊重的思维方式,包括过程思维、关系思维和创造性思维,是克服现代思维弊端的有力工具,也是思想政治教育重要思维方式资源。在第三个方面,积极和创造性的维度进行深入有益的建设性后现代主义对平等和宽容、多样性,为思想政治教育提供有力支持升级。
第三,建设性后现代主义思想政治教育具有重要的实践价值。正如前面所描述的,面对当前复杂而严重的社会问题,建设性后现代主义的进取态度不仅仅是理论上的思辨,而是对社会问题进行深入的分析,涉及社会的各个领域,并认真探索操作解决方案。因此,它在思想政治教育中的价值不仅停留在精神层面上,而且具有重要的实践价值。第一方面,建构后现代主义深刻地阐释了当代教育实践的变化,或从建设性后现代主义的角度,合理地论证了教育的作用、重点和目标的变化,这对思想政治教育具有重要意义。建设性后现代主义强调人的价值世界,理解人的精神力量的重要作用,两者不能分离。因此,认为人的意义世界的复发是一方面非常重要,并认为人的精神世界的另一个是可教育的。这两个方面从一个全新的视角进行解读,对当代思想政治教育实践具有重要的支撑价值。最后,建构后现代主义探索了“文化适应”、个体成长的有机互动和非价值中立的“命题”两种具体的教育方法,无疑对思想政治教育实践具有很强的操作价值。
总之,建设性后现代主义思想对思想政治教育价值的研究,具有时代意义、精神理想价值和实践活动不可忽视的意义。对建设性后现代主义的分析和运用,昭示了思想政治教育的开放态度和自信倾向,是在新的时空背景下思想政治教育科学发展和实践进步的反映和要求。
外文文献出处:《Canadian Social Science》 , 2010 , 27 (5) :49-53
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http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/css/article/view/j.css.1923669720100605.006
附外文文献原文
The Ideological and Political Education Values of the Constructive Postmodernism
YU Yong-yue
LI Jian
Abstract: By analyzing and criticizing the modernity, the constructive postmodernism rebuilds a postmodern worldview consistent with human beingsrsquo; spiritual needs and value pursuit, promotes human beingsrsquo; subjective spirits, and realized human beingsrsquo; subjective values. And it is just the purport of ideological and political education to highlight the significance of human beings and the value world. Keywords: constructive postmodernism; ideological and political education value
1. THE CONNOTATION OF THE CONSTRUCTIVE POSTMODERNISM
Science and rationality have become the supreme guiding ideology and judgment standard ever since the Enlightenment. Science and rationality are complementary and mutually dependent, and following science and esteeming rationality thereby turned the fashion in modern history. The great practice of human Industrial Revolution and constantly developing technologies even highlight the tremendous force of human rationality. Rationality, as the starting-point of modernity, therefore turned the important characterization and had been broadly favored by human beings ever since. The praises and esteems placed on rationality from human beings started turning into extreme as human beings gradually recognized the practical importance of rationality via their world-changing practice. The modern rationality featuring dualism and determinism started eroding every single aspect of human thoughts and
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The Ideological and Political Education Values of the Constructive Postmodernism
YU Yong-yue
LI Jian
Abstract: By analyzing and criticizing the modernity, the constructive postmodernism rebuilds a postmodern worldview consistent with human beingsrsquo; spiritual needs and value pursuit, promotes human beingsrsquo; subjective spirits, and realized human beingsrsquo; subjective values. And it is just the purport of ideological and political education to highlight the significance of human beings and the value world. Keywords: constructive postmodernism; ideological and political education value
1. THE CONNOTATION OF THE CONSTRUCTIVE POSTMODERNISM
Science and rationality have become the supreme guiding ideology and judgment standard ever since the Enlightenment. Science and rationality are complementary and mutually dependent, and following science and esteeming rationality thereby turned the fashion in modern history. The great practice of human Industrial Revolution and constantly developing technologies even highlight the tremendous force of human rationality. Rationality, as the starting-point of modernity, therefore turned the important characterization and had been broadly favored by human beings ever since. The praises and esteems placed on rationality from human beings started turning into extreme as human beings gradually recognized the practical importance of rationality via their world-changing practice. The modern rationality featuring dualism and determinism started eroding every single aspect of human thoughts and practices as well, and rationality started overflowing accordingly. It is exactly like the case that things will develop in the opposite when they become extreme. By the time human beings believe their own power could determine everything and even change everything, and the time that the power of human rationality unreservedly demonstrates itself in front of human beings, it is not difficult for human beings to observe the true colors of rationality, including advantages and disadvantages as well as bright side and dark side. Human beings started self-examining their own rationality, or started thinking about the rationality featuring objectification, mechanistic philosophy, and reductionism as its worldview and methodology. In modernity rethinking, postmodernism has become the anti-modernity pioneer with its complete as well in-depth criticisms on modernity since 20th century.
However, regardless of profoundly exposing modernityrsquo;s plentiful defects, postmodernism didnrsquo;t socially gain broad support although it has turned into an important human ideological trend that can not be ignored; in terms of the modernity practices in human society its effect and significance even remain further probe. The reasons include postmodernismrsquo;s complexity, various theoretical sects, and plentiful viewpoints; in another aspect, maybe more important, the postmodernism, originated and developed from modernity, turns to the extreme of destructing, denying, and destroying modernity as well as any “ideological hegemony”, due to lacking profound understanding on modernity. This type of postmodernism owns irreplaceable significance for people to profoundly understand modernity; the most fundamental attitude of this type of postmodernism however is unadvisable for the social practices that require modernity to complete human modern process. It is encouraging that the thinkers represented by John B. Cobb, Jr. and David Griffin have created the constructive dimension for the postmodernism, also called constructive or reconstructive and affirmative postmodernism since 70s of last century.
The constructive postmodernism and destructive modernism share the common point of aiming at surpassing modernity while the difference is the attitudes and methods used to exceed the modernity. In constructive postmodernism point of views, surpassing modernity indicates to exceed individualism, anthropocentrism, patriarchy, mechanistic philosophy, economism, consumerism, nationalism, and militarism existing in modern society to let people get rid of modern “mechanical, scientific, dualistic, patriarchal, eurocentric, anthropocentric theory, militaristic, and reduction of the world”. It can thereby conclude that constructive postmodernism focuses on criticizing and denying modernityrsquo;s hegemony instead of its existence and modernityrsquo;s limitations instead of its advantages. It appreciates the material and spiritual progresses introduced by the modernization while detests the negative impacts from the modernization at the same time.
In view of constructive postmodernism, so called “modern” worldview appeared in Europe in 17th century and led science, technology, and industry achieve remarkable accomplishments; “however it didnrsquo;t stop (or even cause) the appearance of unprecedented secessions, nihilism, and destructions.” The destroying forces of human wars were substantially enhanced in technology-thriving ages, human survival environments were severely damaged by endless interest-driven forces, and world morbidities were exposed in front of people with increasingly developed society.
In view of the constructive postmodernism, the world morbidities were not only characterized with natural environment destructions, but also with spiritual civilization fading and poisoned human souls as well. Comparing with natural environment destructions, human spiritual civilization destruction is a “more insidious and profound evil”. The constructive postmodernism therefore just intends to rebuild a postmodernism worldview in line with human spiritual needs and value pursuits based on in-depth analysis and criticisms on modernity, recreate the relations between people with the nature, people with the society, and people with people, hoping the people in modernization process or the people that have achieved modernization can enjoy the plentiful prog
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