大学毕业生就业形势及其对策的分析外文翻译资料

Higher technological education specialties and graduatesrsquo; vocational status and prospects

Unemployment is a social phenomenon causing serious socioeconomic problems at personal, family and national levels. The current economic crisis raises the need of connecting more strongly higher education to the production process and economy.Additionally, at a national level the long term confrontation of public debt is related to raising the competitiveness of the related national economy. To an extent, this can be achieved by reducing expenses and depressing wages. However, the real challenge is raising productivity, which is closely related to the professional qualifications of employees (Blundell et al. 1999).

Greek higher education is constituted of Universities and Technological Educational Institutes (TEIs). In general, the educational process in Universities primarily focuses on scientific knowledge, while in TEIs on professional qualifications. In University education, there are more theoretic courses and fewer lab courses, in many departments / disciplines a graduation thesis is not obligatory and industrial placement is optional and lasts only two months, while in TEIs, a significant number of courses have a theory and a lab part, a graduation thesis is obligatory,

which, in most cases, is related to professional applications / activities and, most importantly, a six month industrial placement is obligatory (Kalamatianou et al. 1988).These characteristics create a stronger link between Greek higher technological education and the labour market.

However, this stronger connection is, in many cases, not sufficient. The status of the Greek economy, the new demanding globalized economic and work setting, the discrepancy between the labour market needs and the qualifications acquired through higher technological education impede the entrance of graduates into the labour market and affect their professional prospects. Graduates of different educational specialties (faculties), or subspecialties (departments) encounter significantly different difficulties regarding their successful entrance in the labour market.

The research objective of the present study is dual: a) to provide insight into the existing relationships between certain demographic, educational and employment variables of higher technological education, and b) to identify the existing differences among graduatesrsquo; broader specialties and subspecialties, regarding their job placement and career prospects. Achieving this objective is particularly important for facilitating the entrance of graduates to the labour market and getting an adequate return on the high investment of providing specialized knowledge and employability skills in higher education.

For this purpose, we comparatively study the relations between Greek higher technological education specialties to the employability and the career prospects of the corresponding graduates. The study of these relationships is based on descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis of the responses of a largescale representative national sample of graduates of five consecutive years, originating from nine broader specialties and forty five subspecialties.

Regarding the structure of this paper, the next section reviews related international literature, section three presents the methodology adopted for the collection and analysis of first born data, section four reports the results of the analysis performed, while the last section summarizes the main results and suggests future research possibilities.

Related literature

The entrance of higher education graduates into the labour market and their career prospects can be studied and analyzed regarding numerous factors, like: (i) personal characteristics (gender, age, area of residence, family status, physical characteristics),(ii) educational qualifications (years of study, degree grade, degree level, postgraduate studies, degree specialty/major supplementary qualifications), (iii) macro-economic conditions, and (iv) employment characteristics (employment status, time from graduation to first job, relation of work to studies, self-employment, satisfaction from job / income, income level). Numerous studies that examine the relation between these factors have appeared in the literature. Some representative ones are reported in the following.

Several studies focus on graduatesrsquo; employability (Forrier and Sels 2003; Fugate and Kinicki 2008; Rothwell and Arnold 1997; Van der Heijde and Van der Heijden 2006), or their income distribution (Psacharopoulos and Patrinos 2004). Others focus on broader outcome measures, including measures of graduatesrsquo; satisfaction with their jobs (Coates and Edwards 2011; Garćia-Aracil and Van der Velden 2008), or the alignment between the level of knowledge and the specific requirements the intended job calls for (Wilton 2008). Others examine the factors hindering and the ways used for getting a job and the required skills (Mortensen and Pissarides, 1998; Raffe 2003),or the amount of time that is needed to complete a successful incorporation process in the labour market (Kogan and Unt, 2005).

Nevertheless, there are only a few published research efforts that study the effect of degree specialty to graduatesrsquo; employment. Robst (2007) considers the relationship between college majors and occupations, using data from the US national survey of college graduates. He examines the extent to which employed graduates consider that their work activities are unrelated to their college major and which degree specialtieslead to greater mismatch. Freeman and Hirsch (2008) relate a census of US degrees and specialties (fields) of study, with measures of the knowledge content of jobs. Roksa and Levey (2010) examine occupational specificity of college majors and its relation to the entrance into the labour market and the

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