基于ZigBee无线传感器的PM2.5网络监测系统外文翻译资料
2022-11-26 20:18:28
PM2.5 monitoring system based on ZigBee wireless sensor
Network
Lukai Lin, Xiangshun Li and Weiying Gu
Abstract:In the view of the haze problem, aiming at improving the deficiency of the traditional PM2.5 monitoring methods, such as the insufficient real-time monitoring, limited transmission distance, high cost and the difficulty to maintain, the atmosphere PM2.5 monitoring system based on ZigBee technology is designed. The system combines the advantages of ZigBeersquo;s low cost, low power consumption, high reliability and GPRS/Internetrsquo;s capability of remote transmission of data. Furthermore, it adopts TIrsquo;s Z-Stack protocol stack, and selects CC2530 chip and TIrsquo;s MSP430 microcontroller as the core, which establishes the air pollution monitoring network that is helpful for the early prediction of major air pollution disasters.
Key words: MSP430 zIgbee PM2.5
1Introduction
PM2.5 refers to particles that can be suspended in the air for a long time in the air with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter less than or equal to 2.5 microns. Due to the small particle size, large area, strong activity, easiness to carry toxic and harmful substances , PM2.5 has a great impact on human health and air environment. In addition, the continued accumulation of PM2.5 concentration easily lead to a wide range of fog and haze weather. Due to the large variety of concentration of PM2.5 in residential areas, commercial areas and local production-intensive areas, it is not possible to rely on the data obtained from the city monitoring stations to determine the precise PM2.5 concentration in small areas. PM2.5 monitoring system used in the regions smaller than the urban areas usually uses wired network connections, which is expensive and difficult to maintain for large production bases.
As a wireless communication standard of low power consumption and low rate, ZigBee is a research hotspot in the field of wireless communication in recent years. It is widely used in the fields of intelligent meter reading, medical monitoring and environmental monitoring. Therefore, the wireless sensor network based on ZigBee is applied in PM2.5 monitoring to improve the shortcomings of traditional monitoring methods, such as the insufficient real-time monitoring and limited transmission distance, and the effective establishment of air pollution monitoring network is of great significance for the early prediction of major air pollution disasters. The structure of this paper is as follows (1) Overall system design: the overall scheme of the system and its implementation principle are summarized. (2) System hardware design: details of the systems hardware composition and hardware connection. (3) System software design: introductions of the software algorithms to make the system run efficiently and reliably. (4) Verification of experimental results: realize the system using the above hardware and software with great efficiency. (5) Conclusion: the corresponding conclusions are obtained according to the experimental data of the system.
2 System design
The design uses a tree network topology, suitable for large area of PM2.5 monitoring. And its resources required are less than the network topology to achieve a specific and simple environmental monitoring. The terminal node is responsible for collecting the data and transmitting the data to the upper layer of the routing node, the routing node will pass the data to the upper coordinator after summarizing the data. After that, the coordinator analyses and sends the data to the monitoring centre through the gateway. Thus, a PM2.5 remote monitoring system based on ZigBee and GPRS is built. The system diagram is shown in Fig.1.
Fig.1 System diagram
3 Hardware components
3.1 Wireless transceiver module
As shown in Fig.2, the design of the terminal acquisition node is mainly composed of CC2530 module based on Texas Instrument and RF power amplifier module CC2591. The CC2530 is a true system-on-a-chip solution for 2.4GHz IEEE 802.15.4, Zigbee and RF4CE applications. It combines the leading RF transceiver with excellent performance and industry-enhanced 8051CPU, enabling to build a strong network at a very low total cost of material [4]. CC2591 is a low-cost high-performance RF front end for 2.4GHz band, which integrates power amplifiers, low noise amplifiers, balanced converters and RF matching networks, etc. With the use of CC2530, its data transmission range can be extended to 600 meters.
Fig.2 Terminal node structure
3.2 Data acquisition module
A PM2.5 sensor is used to measure the concentration of atmospheric particles with light scattering method. The method is based on the Mie law, which is used to measure the mass concentration of particulate through measuring scattered light signal emitted by the particles in the air. According to the Mie theory, under fixed observation angle and observation distance, the intensity of the scattered light is linearly related to the concentration of the particles when the wavelength and intensity of the incident light and the composition of the particles are fixed. Therefore, as long as illuminate it with monochromatic light and then detect the scattered light intensity of a fixed angle and distance, the particle concentration can be calculated. This design uses the laser diode as the light source, with red light as the incident light. Sampling air enters the region of laser beam through air duct. When the particles in the air enter the laser beam region, the laser is scattered, and the photoelectric detector receives the scattered light intensity signal reflected by the concave mirror. The photoelectric signal is converted to the corresponding electrical signal by the
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基于ZigBee无线传感器的PM2.5网络监测系统
林鲁凯,李向顺,顾伟英
摘要:针对雾霾问题及传统PM2.5监测方法存在的不足,如实时监测不足、传输距离有限等问题,本文提出了一种新的PM2.5监测方法。设计了基于ZigBee技术的大气PM2.5监测系统。该系统综合了ZigBee低成本、低功耗的优点,高可靠性和GPRS/Internet的远程数据传输能力。此外,它还采用了TI的Z-堆栈协议栈,并以CC 2530芯片和TI公司MSP 430单片机为核心。建立大气污染监测网,有助于实现对重大大气污染灾害的早期预测。
关键词:MSP430 ZigBee PM2.5
1 介绍
PM2.5是指空气中可以悬浮很长时间的颗粒,其空气动力等效直径小于或等于2.5微米。由于颗粒尺寸小,aReA、活性强、携带有毒有害物质(如重金属、微生物等)容易携带,PM2.5对人体健康和大气环境有很大影响。此外,COPM2.5浓度的持续积累容易导致大范围的雾和雾天气。由于PM2.5在住宅区、商业区和当地生产密集型地区的浓度变化很大,在区域内,不可能依靠从城市监测站获得的数据来精确确定小区域PM2.5的浓度。PM2.5监测系统在小区域的应用通常采用有线网络连接,对大型生产基地来说成本高,维护难度大。
ZigBee作为一种低功耗、低速率的无线通信标准,是近年来无线通信领域的一个研究热点。广泛应用于工业领域、短时抄表、医学监测和环境监测。因此,将基于ZigBee的无线传感器网络应用于PM2.5的监测中,改善了传统传感器网络的缺点。本文的结构如下:(1)系统总体设计:系统总体方案和实现原理。(2)系统硬件设计:详细介绍了系统的硬件组成和硬件连接。(3)系统软件设计:介绍了系统运行的软件算法。(4)实验结果的验证:利用上述硬件和软件实现系统。(5)结论:根据系统的实验数据得出相应结论。
2系统设计
本设计采用树状网络拓扑结构,适用于大面积PM2.5监测。而且它所需的资源比网络拓扑要少得多,能实现特定的、简单的环境单点。奥林。终端节点负责收集数据并将数据传输到路由节点的上层,路由节点在求和后将数据传递给上层协调器。整理数据。之后,协调器通过网关分析和发送数据到监控中心。在此基础上,构建了基于ZigBee和GPRS的PM2.5远程监控系统。S系统图如图1所示
图1系统图
3 硬件组件
3.1无线收发模块
如图2所示,终端采集节点的设计主要由CC 2530模块和射频功率放大模块CC 2591组成。CC 2530是一个真正的芯片系统。它结合了领先的rf收发器和卓越的性能和工业增强的8051 cpu,使其能够建立一个强大的网络。CC 2591是一种低成本、高性能的射频前端,用于2.4GHz频段,集功率放大器、低噪声放大器、平衡变换器和射频匹配于一体。网络等使用CC 2530,其数据传输范围可扩大到600米。
3.2数据采集模块
采用PM2.5传感器对大气颗粒物浓度进行光散射测量。该方法基于Mie定律,测量微粒通过测量空气中粒子发出的散射光信号。根据Mie理论,在固定的观测角度和观测距离下,当入射光的波长和强度以及粒子的组成固定时,EED光与粒子的浓度呈线性关系。因此,只要用单色光处理粒子,然后检测散射光强的固定角度和距离,即可计算粒子浓度。本设计采用激光二极管作为锂离子源。以红灯为入射光。采样空气通过风管进入激光束区域。当空气中的粒子进入激光束区时,激光就会分散,并以光电探测器接收凹面镜反射的散射光强信号。光电信号通过光电转换成相应的电信号。光探测器的RIC效应。经电路处理后,得到PM2.5的浓度。
3.3通信模块
为了传输传感器网络检测到的数据,本文采用的方案是串行通信:协调器通过串口与PC机连接并传输S数据直接在本地距离内,不仅可以查看数据,而且可以方便系统调试。GPRS模块通信:SIM900A模块可以实现GPRS/GSM远程通信。通信距离长,可靠性高。通过将以太网实时数据上传到数据监测中心,PM2.5数据分析更加直观和科学。最后可以预测,对大气污染灾害的防治起到了积极的作用。这里主要介绍GPRS通信。本设计采用SIMCom公司生产的SIM900A模块。该芯片采用了一种节能技术,将睡眠模式下的功耗降到了1.0mA,适用于大多数低功耗要求。芯片嵌入TCP/IP协议,SIM900A使用标准的AT命令来实现与中央服务器的TCP连接,使ZigBee网络采集的数据传输出去。该模块具有Compa的优点。CT结构简单,易于制作和处理,基于ARM 926EJS架构,可广泛应用于无线传感器网络、车辆跟踪、智能抄表等领域。
3.4 协调器
协调器是整个无线传感器网络的核心模块。其主要功能是对数据进行处理,存储,控制。一方面,它处理和计算数据并发送它的射频模块。另一方面,对射频模块接收到的数据信息进行处理,控制硬件平台其他模块的运行。
MSP 430单片机是16位超低功耗混合信号处理器。该芯片采用了目前流行的指令集,先进的体系结构,极大地提高了其数据处理能力以及计算能力。此外,它的功耗极低:在有源模式下,工作电路只有280 uA,在闭合状态下需要0.1uA电流。此外,MSP 430还具有丰富的外围接口,适合PM2.5检测系统的大数据传输和高实时性要求。协调器节点硬件组成为如图3所示。
图3协调器节点硬件结构
4系统软件设计
系统软件实现了ZigBee协议和基于硬件节点的组网。同时,在网络的基础上实现了PM2.5的实时监测。主要工作如下:终端节点实现数据采集和AD转换,实现大气颗粒物浓度和数据包传输的计算。构建协调器和维护整个网络并实现数据传输。
4.1 ZigBee协议简介
无线传感器网络节点需要有相应的无线网络协议来完成数据交换(包括MAC层、路由层、网络层、应用程序层等)。传统的无线协议难以满足无线传感器低成本、低功耗、高可靠性的要求。ZigBee技术是低数据速率,低功耗,低成本;针对自动化和远程控制应用的无线网络协议[9]。ZigBee定义了一系列所需的通信协议。通过无线通信,在短距离内传输速率低。它使大量传感器能够在保持最小能耗的同时相互通信且通信效率高。本设计基于TI公司的Z-Stack协议栈,是802.15.4/ZigBee技术的核心软件平台。用户可以完成相应的操作。DIN应用程序通过执行一系列初始化操作来设计和开发具有相应功能的无线传感器网络,完成配置和高级调用。
4.2终端节点编程
终端节点主要负责无线传感器网络中的数据采集。它在电源初始化完成后将网络访问请求发送给协调程序。传感器节点在接收到来自终端节点的网络访问请求后,将连接请求发送给协调器。如果请求响应正确,则用户访问网络已成功。
当网络成功连接时,协调器将分配唯一ID,并将传感器节点的MAC地址与要注册的ID相关联。否则,它会失败。传感器节点的流程图如图4所示。网络成功接入后,传感器节点每隔一小时采集一次土壤水分,并发送数据包。它在业余时间进入睡眠模式。只有当中断、定时器和无线收发模块接通电源时,才能实现低功耗。
4.3协调节点规划
协调节点作为整个传感器网络的中心,主要负责网络的远程无线数据传输。在协调器的开启初始化之后。节点,它将先建立一个网络,然后进入网络监控状态。从传感器节点接收到网络访问请求后,将地址分配给子节点并发送建立连接的网络确认信息。在传感器网络中,Z-Stack以操作系统的形式运行.协调员不断询问夏娃是否NTS发生与否。一旦从子节点接收到数据包,相应的AT命令将通过串口发送到SIM900A,以实现数据的远程传输。协调节点的工作流程图如图5所示:
5实验结果的验证
为了验证该系统的实际效果,选择了三个不同的区域进行PM2.5监测实验,并将每个实验点放置在五个不同的传感器上。通过对五组数据的分析,得到了一条时变曲线,如图6所示。实验结果表明,PM2.5的浓度在植物附近是最高的,住宅区是最低的。此外,它还表现出夜间高、日低的趋势,符合实际情况。
图6实验结果
6 结论
本文以ZigBee为核心,通过可靠的硬件结构和软件设计建立了无线传感器网络。通过GPRS/以太网上传PM2.5监测数据,实现远程实时监控。该系统具有大量典型的无线传感器网络节点和大量的数据采集功能。它还结合了GPRS/以太网的优点,具有广泛的优点。覆盖范围,并可传输大量数据在一个长距离。根据实验数据,可以准确地监测环境中PM2.5的含量,有效地实现实时上传。。另外,通过改变网络拓扑结构,可以将其应用于不同的区域。该系统适用性强,稳定性高,对预防重大灾害具有积极的作用。空气污染造成的脚轮。
7参考
- 李宾莲,关锋,蒋建华。引用该论文题目PM2.5.PM2.5现状分析及防治措施[J].能源与节能,2012(6):54-54。
[2]翟磊,刘盛德,胡贤斌。引用该论文.ZigBee技术与应用[M].北京航天出版社,2007。
[3]张伟聪,余新武,李忠成。引用该报告.基于CC 2530和ZgBee协议栈的无线网络传感器节点设计[J].计算机系统与应用,2011,20(7):184-187。
[4]范一标,王文海,林宾辉,等。引用该论文所著的PM2.5探测器的设计与实现[J]。赤峰大学学报(自然科学版),2016,32(5):61-62。中文
[5]陈克涛,张海辉,张永蒙,等。引用该报告.基于CC 2530的无线传感器网络网关节点设计[J].西北农工大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(5):183-188.(中文及英文摘要)
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