Abstract
The double wishbone (DWB) and the MacPherson strut (MPS) suspension systems are commonly used independent suspensions in passenger cars. Their kinematics are complicated, and have not been analysed comprehensively in existing literature. This paper presents an analysis of the position kinematics of the complete spatial model of these suspension systems. The presented solution is built upon two key elements: the use of Rodrigues parameters to develop an algebraic set of equations representing the kinematics of the mechanisms, and the computation of Grouml;bner basis as a method of solving the resulting set of equations. It is found that the final univariate equation representing all the kinematic solutions for a given pair of steering and road-profile inputs, in the general case, is of 64 degree, for both the suspension mechanisms. It is also shown that in certain special cases, both the suspensions generate 28 solutions, instead of 64. Numerical accuracy of the solutions obtained is established by computing the residuals of the original set of kinematic constraint equations. The configurations of the mechanisms for the real solutions are depicted graphically. Finally, the responses of the suspensions to continuously varying steering and road-profile inputs are computed using a branch-tracking technique.
Keywords
- Double wishbone suspension;
- Spatial kinematics;
- Polynomial equations;
- MacPherson strut suspension;
- Grouml;bner basis;
- Rodrigues parameters
1. Introduction
The main function of the suspension in a car is to isolate the sprung mass of the vehicle from the unevenness or undulations of the road. In many cases, it needs to provide the steering functionality, in addition. The suspension mechanism connects the wheel assembly (i.e., the unsprung mass) to the vehicle chassis (i.e., the sprung mass), in a manner that allows relative motions between the chassis and the wheels. Generally, suspension systems are categorised into two groups: dependent/rigid axle, and independent. A suspension connected to a rigid axle between the left and the right wheels is called a dependent suspension, since the vertical movement of one wheel is transmitted to the opposite wheel in these cases. The major disadvantage of rigid steer-able axles is their susceptibility to tramp-shimmy steering vibrations [1]. The independent suspension systems allow the left and the right wheel to move without affecting the others motion. Nearly all passenger cars and light trucks use independent front suspensions because of the advantages in providing room for the engine, and also for the better resistance to steering induced (wobble and shimmy) vibrations. There are many forms and designs of independent suspensions. However, double wishbone (DWB) and MacPherson strut (MPS) suspensions are perhaps the simplest and the most commonly used designs.
1.1. Double wishbone suspension
The DWB suspension, shown in Fig.ensp;1, is also known as the double A-arm or short-long arm (SLA) suspension. Each wishbone or arm has two mounting points attached to the chassis, and is connected to the knuckle by a spherical joint. The damper and coil spring system is placed between the chassis and either of the control arms, to smoothen the vertical movement. In the case of the front axle suspension, the steering link is attached to the tie-rod using spherical joints, and the tie-rod is connected to the steering rack by a universal joint. The DWB is used in high-performance cars and SUVs due its superior kinematic response over other suspensions [2].
Fig. 1.
Solid model of the double wishbone suspension.
Various methods for modelling and designing the DWB suspensions exist in literature. In Ref. [3], by modelling the DWB suspension as a spatial RSSR-SS linkage, the author made use of the displacement matrices and the loop-closure constraints to synthesise and analyse these mechanisms. Other reported methodologies, as in Refs. [4], [5] and [6]], focused on designing the suspension system by optimising certain suspension performance indices, such as camber, caster, toe, and king-pin inclination. However, in these works, the kinematic constraint equations are used merely in formulating the constrained optimisation problems. In Ref. A comprehensive kinematic analysis of the double wishbone and Macpherson strut suspension systems
依据文献[15]和[16]的研究结果,悬架系统的运动学方程以代数公式的方式表现出来,从而根据Rodrigues参数表达出主销轴线的定位(见参考文献 [14], p64, 85)。保留这些方程的符号形式,并消除一些线性出现的未知数,在一般条件下即可获得一个含有三个Rodrigues参数的三次方程的系统。试图减少这种方程组(在他们的通用符号形式)的单变量多项式方程的三个未知参数中的一个的企图没有成功,在文献[ 12 ]也报告了同样的结果。然而,在替代悬架结构参数的数值后,根据输入的S和Y,利用字典式次序计算基于Grouml;bner原理的三次多项式方程是可能的。正如预期的那样,基于Grouml;bner原理产生的结果是三角形化的,即有一个单变量多项式,其程度相当于系统的可能的解决方案的数量,还有两个多项式,剩下的两个变量是线性的。在一般情况下,DWB和MPS的解决方案都是64,包括复杂的。对所有的这些解决方案,其真解都要带入原来的方程,以测试其数值精度。
此外,发现有一些特殊情况,其中的一些未知变量的上述线性消除失败,由于要消除的某些因子在分母。这些情况下需要分别处理,并观察到,在这种情况下,对于两个悬挂系统,可能的解决方案的数目减少到28。
本文提出的方法和结果可以帮助这些悬架系统的分析和设计。基于作者所进行的文献调查,似乎完全结合了悬架的垂直和转向运动的空间运动模型,如在本次研究中所做的那样,在其他文献中是罕见的,如果不是不存在的话。精确的解决方案,然而,根本是不存在的,根据作者的目前的认识。这本身,是这项工作的主要贡献,在一个数值方法似乎是占主导地位的学说的领域。此外,本次研究展示了一些特殊情况,其中由于某些特殊的结构变化而改变悬架的运动学特性。这样的分析有可能显着提高设计过程。例如,在参考文献[ 6 ],作者不得不诉诸替代输入,考虑到道路配置文件输入y在那次研究中是不可能的。因此,优化过程中不能以一个给定的颠簸和反弹距离需求为研究目标,这是由目前的研究方法所决定的。同样,在动力学分析中,首先需要一个高效的运动学模型,例如,研究人员利用基于Grouml;bner原理的算法作为运动学支撑来对一个5连杆空间悬挂系统进行动力学分析。本文对DWB和MPS两种悬挂系统都能实现上述要求。此外,它演示了一个跟踪方案,使一个特定的分支解决方案(64种可能)可以被跟踪,从而模拟连续输入的响应。这已在第4节被证明,分别使用连续变化的道路轮廓和转向输入,Y和S。此外,视频剪辑(文件名:video2.mp4,video3.mp4)动画同样已提供作为论文的材料补充。
本文的其余部分组织如下:在第2节中,讲述了制定闭环方程,消除两个可能的情况下的变量,和寻找DWB悬架解决方案的方法这些内容。最后,闭环方程的正解所对应的悬架构形以图形的方式表达了出来。在第3、4节中对MPS悬架的研究也阐述了相应的内容,提出了一个计算连续变化的输入响应的方法,并通过应用在DWB和MPS悬架系统上都进行了论证。在第5节中,讲述了论文的结论。
- 双摆臂系统的运动学分析
在这一部分中,展示了一个完整的DWB悬架运动学分析,从机制的建模开始,并建立了环路闭合方程。之后,为未知量的消除可能出现的两种情况进行鉴定,并找到解决方案,即,提出了满足给定的一组输入的可能的DWB悬架构型。紧接着的是对应原来的闭环方程正解的悬架构型的图形描述。
(此处省略4小节内容)
3.麦弗逊悬架的运动学分析
MPS悬架机构结构紧凑,运动学特性简单。它也是一个二自由度机构,其建模,方程式和求解与第二节中的DWB悬架类似。所有的符号和参数与在DWB的情况下保持相同的意义,除非是特别提到的。
3.1.麦弗逊悬架的几何构型
MPS悬架的示意图如图10所示。从运动学上看,它包括一个空间四连环结构o0p1o1o0 (这是一个倒置的曲柄滑块机构,将底盘作为地面连接,主销作为连接器)和一个空间五连环结构 o0p1p3p4p8o0。这两个环形结构在主销处连接(图10中连接点②)。
两个坐标系统,{ 0 }和{ 1 },用于描述MPS的点配置。参考系{ 0 }中的球形架构与o0点连接,它的Z0轴与A字下摆臂铰链的轴线成一条线段。之间A字型摆臂被等价地表示成一条在X0Ylt;
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