STUDY ON SLIPPERS FOR RAW WATER HYDRAULIC AXIAL PISTON PUMPS AND MOTORS
1. As concerns for environmental compatibility, safetyand hygienic requirements, hydraulic systems using rawwater as pressure medium become more and moreattractive. A raw water hydraulic system has many advantages over conventional oil hydraulic systems,such as: environmentally compatibility, no pollution and no fire hazard, elimination of expensive oils with the associated problems of contamination, maintenance,storage, handling, elimination of the return hose, and elimination of health hazards, etc. But as a hydraulic medium, raw water has also drawbacks, such as very low viscosity, high vapor pressure, lack of lubrication and chemically active nature, etc., that all tend to promote problems of corrosion, wear, cavitation erosion, leakage, and so on, those problems must be overcome in the design and development of the raw water hydraulic components, especially the selection of materials and design of structure for the friction pairs in raw water hydraulic pumps and motors.
The slipper/swashplate pair is one of the very important friction pairs in axial piston pumps and motors. Under the lubrication of raw water. materials for slipper/swashplate combination should have superior mechanical strength, low friction, resistance to corrosion, abrasion, cavitation erosion and sliding wear, and the structure of the slipper should be suitable for the characteristics of raw water and materials used
Based on authois researches, a new slipper foraxial piston pumps and motors is introduced in this paper. From tests with the slipper/swashplate lest rig, it shows that the new type slipper combined with appropriate swashplate has good tribological characteristics. This slipper can operate with raw water, even sea water. The successful study on slippers will provide good helps for design and development of raw water hydraulic axial piston pumps and motors with higher performance.
2. Introduction The use of water as hydraulic fluid is not new. The first hydraulic machine as a means of transmitting not only energy but also control signals is raw water hydraulic press that manufactured by Joseph Bramah in 1795, which marks the beginning of the age of modern applied hydraulics. After that almost 100 years raw water was used as hydraulic medium, until the beginning of 20th century the mineral oil began to take the place of raw water. Because of the much better lubrication and anti-corrosi on properbes of mineral oil as compared with raw water and the development of oil resistant sealing materials, oil hydraulics boosted quickly and raw water hydraulics was left behind, gradually acquiring the image of an obsolete technology.
As concerns over safe or environmental issues a number of other hydraulic fluids have been developed over the past decades, such as synthetic base fluids, water base fluids, and vegetable oil base fluids, etc. These fluids have their own advantages and a certain range of applications. For a given application, engineers can make the hydraulic system have satisfactory performance by careful hydraulic fluid choice and system design. However, these hydraulic fluids also have its own shortcomings,so me shortcomings of these fluids are inherent and fatal. No one of these hydraulic fluids can meet the requirements of fire resistance and environmentally protection at the same time, and most of these fluids are very expensive.
The re-emergence of using raw water as hydraulic fluid is mainly because of the following reasons.
(1) Environmental Protection Requirement
Without strict adherence to specific control techniques, it is nearly impossible to eliminate the threat of leakage in hydraulic systems. Industry observers believe that as much as 85% of all hydraulic fluids eventually leave their systems through slow leaks, catastrophic line breaks, or failures of fittings and seals. The leakage of hydraulic fluids with some toxic chemical additives not only make working conditions messy and unsafe, but also can not be biodegradable and have potential threat to the environment. Raw water has very good environmental compatibility and no pollution; water in the event of leakage eventually evaporates without leaving greasy or dirty residuals needs of applications for water hydraulics. The need of new applications is the intrinsic force of re-emergence and development of water hydraulics (2) Requirement of Safety
Mineral oil are flammable, its leakage or spilling from systems may be result in a fire when in or near heat sources. Water is not flammable and does not present a fire hazard. In some areas, such as steel and glass production, iron making and foundry, injection molding, die casting, nuclear power, coal mining, etc. the requirement of safety is prime, so raw water hydraulics may be the best choice in the near future (3) Hygienic Requirement
In some fields, such as gold mining, food and medicine processing, water supply industry, etc , where escaping of oil or chemical additives from hydraulic systems can smear the product and damage the quality of manufactured product. Under these conditions, raw water is an ideal pressure medium. (4) Economy Requirement
Water is available everywhere, needing no purchase, transport, storage, maintenance and disposal costs, so using water instead of mineral oil and other hydraulic fluids may offer tremendous economy. In ambient water environment, the system using raw water as hydraulic fluid can be designed as an open circuit.That means the return lines and water reservoir can be eliminated, further more the heater and the cooler of system are no longer needed, so the volume and weight of hydraulic equipment will reduced and the efficiency of system increased. If used underwater, such as in marine engineering, ocean exploration engineering, subsea equipment, underwater operation tools and robots, etc., water hydraulics can au
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