Risk in financial transactions and financial risk management
Ana Maria Dinu*
Assistant Lecturer, Ph.D., Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, School of International Business and Economics
Abstract:In banking activities, for example, the risk may occur in credit operations, when the bank might not be able to recover its credits in due time or in accordance with the conditions laid down in loan contracts. Also, for a depositor of the bank, the risk may be associated with the possibility of no benefit – when and how he/she wants, from the money resources-deposited to the bank. In this case, the risk can be other interest rate apart from the originally anticipated one, the unfavourable evolution of the currency corresponding to the deposit account or even financial difficulties of the bank. Similar situations of financial risk may occur in different situations related to insurance, leasing, stock etc.
Keywords: exchange, credit, bank, interest, risk
Introduction
The risk is the possibility of the loss, and its determination is based on a long experience or information that could allow you to perform some estimates of the probability of its consequences. In a general approach risk means hazard, the probability of eventual losses or possible loss which we are trying to prevent or diminish through a modern economic policy.
The perception of risk with all its effects implies the awareness of the danger as well as the responsibility assumed by any individual when he/she states that she/ he solves an issue or takes a “risk”. Economic agents perceive the risk as an unfavourable result, a probability of loss, but still attached to a gain. In the field of investment, the risk is accepted if it is compounded with an additional gain that can be predicted with some probability.
The model of decision for capital investment in risky situations
Capital decisions are financial management decisions involving the placement of a particular investment or capital at any given time, and getting a stream of benefits in the future. Capital investments can be on short-term (less than a year) or on long-term (on more years.) An important aspect of decisions over capital investments is the level of risk. There are low risk capital investments, but they lead to a more diminished benefit, and high risk capital investments from which better benefits are expected.
Several of the main categories of financial risks related to the economic environment are:
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- Country risk rating;
- Organization, functioning and control of the financial and banking system;
- Identification and flexibility of legislation and juridical system;
- Organization and functioning of the insurance system ;
- General economic evolution and inflation evolution;
- Dynamics of interest rate on internal and external market .
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At the macroeconomic level, financial risks can be linked or determined by the following risk categories:
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- Management of business partnersrsquo; economic activities;
- Tangible assets or lack of assets;
- Business partnersrsquo; professional training and skills;
- Business partnersrsquo; morality and attitude.
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Of course, the above list of the financial risk categories is far from being complete, the risks generally being determined directly on the complexity of each financial operation, as well as economic environment in which it is carried out.
One of the most popular risks and well- publicized risks is “country risk rating”. Country risk is a mix that reflects the economic performances and political stability in a particular country, taking into account the potential foreign investors. This type of risk is influenced by a combination of economic factors and policies, banks and financial institutions, as well as economic organizations of the country in question. There are several methods of determining the country risk, which is reflected in the stability of economic policy, resulting in the overall condition of the economy. These two latter elements of economic policy are reflected in the risk related to the expected profits, as well as the risk on the difficulties of repatriation of profits, and the risk on the property. These risks are taken into consideration when planning investments in a particular country.
Other types of financial risk in the business transactions can be risks that arise in the trade with goods, the one related to the fluctuation of the exchange rate, or stock risks. In business transactions of insurance companies, the risk can be generated by: price fluctuations, currency depreciation, insolvency, transport, warehousing, accidents etc. Physical bank market, the risk of interest rate variation may manifest; and in stock trade, as well as in other similar financial operations, the risk of variation related to the value of these securities may occur.
In terms of financial risk management, there are multifarious ways to cover this risk. Perhaps the most notable for the modern era, is Lloydrsquo;s marine insurance, appeared at the end of the 18th century. The hedge-method for hedging the stock transactions is also well known. The problem that we would like to look into regards the determination of the mathematical and statistical models for financial risk phenomena that should provide the necessary information for management decisions, mitigation or avoidance of financial risks.
Consider now the general pattern of a decision under conditions of uncertainty and risk, where the risk issue is financial. Decision model un
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金融交易中的风险与金融风险管理
安娜·玛丽亚·迪努
助理讲师,博士生,“Dimitrie Cantemir”基督教大学,国际商业和经济学院
摘要:例如,在银行活动中,风险可能发生在信贷业务中,此时银行可能无法收回其贷款按期或按照贷款合同规定的条件办理。而且,对于银行的存款人来说,风险可能与不可能从存入银行的资金资源中得到任何好处——他/她希望在什么时候、以什么方式得到这些钱。在这种情况下,风险可以是其他利益利率除原来预期的一种外,对货币的不利演变对应的存款账户甚至金融银行的困难。在保险、租赁、股票等不同的情况下,也可能出现类似的财务风险情况。
关键词:外汇,信贷,银行,利息,风险
1. 介绍
风险是损失的可能性,它的确定是基于长期的经验或信息得出的可以让你对结果的概率做一些估计。在一般方法中,风险意味着危害,最终损失或可能损失的可能性,我们正试图通过a来预防或减少现代经济政策。对风险及其所有影响的认识意味着对危险和责任的认识当任何个人陈述他/她解决了一个问题或承担了一个“风险”时,他/她的假设。经济主体把风险看作是一个不利的结果,一种可能的损失,但仍然与收益挂钩。在投资领域,如果风险与一个可以用某种概率预测的额外收益复合,那么风险是可以接受的。
2.风险投资决策模型
资本决策是财务管理决策,涉及特定投资或资本在任何给定时间的配置,并在未来获得一系列利益。资本投资可以是短期的(少于一年),也可以是长期的(超过几年)。资本投资决策的一个重要方面是的风险。有低风险资本投资,但它们导致更少的利益,和高风险资本投资,从中可以获得更好的利益。
与经济环境有关的若干主要金融风险类别如下:
- 国家风险评级;
- 金融和银行系统的组织、运作和控制;
- 立法和司法制度的确定和灵活性;
- 保险体系的组织和运作;
- 整体经济演变和通货膨胀演变;
- 内部和外部市场利率动态。
在宏观经济层面,金融风险可以通过以下风险类别联系或确定:
- 经营伙伴经济活动的管理;
- 有形资产或缺乏资产;
- 业务合作伙伴的专业培训和技能;
- 商业伙伴的道德和态度。
当然,上述金融风险类别的清单还远远不够完整,这些风险一般是由每一项金融业务的复杂性以及所处的经济环境直接决定的。
“国家风险评级”是我国最普遍、最为广泛关注的风险之一。国家风险是反映一个特定国家的经济表现和政治稳定的一种组合,考虑到潜在的外国投资者。这类风险受经济因素和政策、银行和金融机构以及相关国家的经济组织的综合影响。确定国家风险的方法有多种,体现在经济政策的稳定性上,导致经济的整体状况。经济政策的后两个要素反映在与预期利润有关的风险、利润返还困难的风险和财产风险上。在规划一个特定国家的投资时,要考虑到这些风险。
商业交易中的其他类型的金融风险可能是商品交易中产生的风险、与汇率波动相关的风险或股票风险。在保险公司的业务交易中,风险可以由下列因素产生:价格波动、货币贬值、资不抵债、运输、仓储、意外事故等。在银行的实际市场中,利率变动的风险可能会显现出来;在股票交易中,以及在其他类似的金融业务中,变动风险与根据这些证券的价值可能会发生。
在财务风险管理方面,有多种方法来覆盖这种风险。也许最著名的现代,是劳埃德的海上保险,出现在18世纪末。对冲股票交易的对冲方法也是众所周知的。我们希望探讨的问题是,金融风险现象的数学和统计模型的确定,应为管理决策、缓解或避免金融风险提供必要的信息,
现在考虑在不确定性和风险条件下的一般决策模式,其中风险问题是财务问题。金融风险下的决策模型有以下六个组成部分:
(一)目标的确定;
(二)可能行为之确定。
(三)确定自然状态;
(四)设置可能的结果;
(五)风险价值之衡量。
(六)选择最佳行动。
1.目标的确定:决策者希望实现的目标(或目标),如利润最大化或现金流的现值。在某些情况下,量化目标意味着确定目标函数,这将作为选择最佳备选方案和评估可能行动的基础。
2.确定可能的行动:寻找可能的替代行动,以满足预期的目标。
3.确定自然状态。由于财务决策问题是在不确定的环境中定义的,因此有必要考虑买方无法控制的所有不可控制因素,以及每一确定的行动可能产生的所有不可控制因素。这些因素是不可控制的事件或自然状态。
4.设置可能的结果。一系列可能的结果可能是行动和自然状态的各种可能组合的结果。每个结果都是由特定的行为和特定的自然状态引起的。
5.风险价值的计量。这是对每种可能产品的损失(或效用)的衡量,取决于买方设定的目标。与财务决策有关的损失是货币性的。
6.选择最佳行动。这是一种能够以最小的损失实现已经确立的目标的行动。
示例:识别财务决策模型的基本特征
公司审查其下一个预算期的营销政策。它已经开发了X和Z两种新产品,但它有足够的资源在未来一段时间内只推出这两种产品中的一种。考虑到竞争对手的反应和行动,可能的自然状态如下三种:
bull;竞争对手没有反应;
bull;竞争对手在市场上推出可比产品;
bull;竞争对手在市场上推出更好的产品。
如果竞争对手不采取任何行动,那么考虑到产品A的推出所带来的情况,对利润保持稳定有一些预期,并且产品B的推出具有相对较低的增长趋势,因为其开发额外资源已被消耗。与这些费用相对应,竞争对手是否在市场上推出产品可能会出现利润下降。
从数学和统计的角度来看,对与金融活动有关的风险的分析涉及对获得某些有利(收益)或不利(损失)结果的概率的评估,同时考虑到不确定和可能的未来事件。在评估金融风险时遇到的困难中,我们可以提到缺乏信息或其可用性程度,以确定分析的经济现象的可能性。此外,识别和量化金融风险并不意味着消除金融风险,而是提供必要的金融风险管理要素。
有时,风险和不确定性之间会有一定的区别,它指的是用于合并财务决策的可用信息。
1.当在某些情况下可能有更多的结果,并且有一些过去的经验与定义一个统计模型相关时,可以使用风险来预测可能的结果。
2.当结果可能更多时,不确定性是首选,但决策的统计模型只剩下很少的信息。
最后,风险和不确定性之间的区别并不那么相关,更重要的是要知道,相对于确定性模型,使用概率模型,并考虑到一个假设变量对风险和不确定性进行建模。如上所示,决策理论上的问题似乎被归结为损失函数的最终评估,风险在大多数情况下都表现为财务性质。
3、结论
所有风险方法都分配了两个维度,即不确定性,风险与尚未发生的事情相关,以及对业务目标(或项目目标)的影响。具体文献指出,风险是一种可测量的不确定性形式,与不可测量的不确定性相反。因此,概率的概念出现在风险和不确定性之间的界限,风险被认为代表了决策者具有三个优势的情况:了解问题的结构;理解和定义可能的后果/结果的范围;具有分配环境影响的客观能力。结果一些发生概率。
投资股市,虽然被推荐为一种好的投资,尤其是长期投资,但也存在一定的风险。对风险的偏好是使这个领域令人兴奋和具有挑战性的因素之一。在股票市场上,人们可以区分两个主要类别:可量化风险和难以计算或预测的风险,这些风险不包括在预测中。实际上,与投资相关的风险有三类:低风险(货币基金、债券基金)、中风险(多元化防御基金、多元化平衡基金)和高风险(动态多元化基金、股票基金)。
在投资中,风险和回报是密切相关的。对于盈利能力的评估,可以使用复杂的指标体系(van、rir等)。
资本项目的风险包括:个别项目风险、公司风险和市场风险(以beta;系数衡量)。
投资的风险和不确定性由一些客观和主观的原因决定。
4、参考书目:
1.Barsan-Pipu n (2003)。风险管理。概念和方法,科学通报这位bdquo;曾经研习过“Braşov基督教大学。
2.Coşa M。(2000)。《国家风险评估模型》,东方拉丁出版社。
3.德鲁克(2001)。《战略管理》,特奥拉出版社,布加勒斯特。
4.Hinescu a (2006)。《迪卡拉狄加综合管理》系列,“1918年12月1日”阿尔巴尤利亚大学。
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