uAuction: Analysis, Design and Implementation of a Secure Online Auction System
Nazia Majadi Jarrod Trevathan Neil Bergmann
School of ICT School of ICT School of ITEE
Griffith University Griffith University University of Queensland
Queensland, Australia Queensland, Australia Queensland, Australia
Email: nazia.majadi@griffithuni.edu.au Email: j.trevathan@griffith.edu.au Email: bergmann@itee.uq.edu.au
Online auctions are now an immensely popular component of the electronic marketplace. However, there are many fraudulent buying/selling behaviours that can occur during an auction (e.g., shill bidding, bid shielding, etc.). While researchers are proposing methods for combating such fraud, it is extremely difficult to test how effective these countermeasures are. This is primarily due to it being unethical to engage in fraudulent behaviour just for the purpose of testing countermeasures. Furthermore, there is limited commercial auction data available due to the sensitivities of an online auctioneer being willing to admit that fraud has, or is occurring. In order to test fraud countermeasures in a controlled environment, we have created our own online auction server for conducting auction-related research. This paper presents our experiences with designing and implementing our own online auction system which we call uAuction. At present, there is limited useful literature on auction system design. We present an analysis and design of the auction system by employing Unified Modeling Language (UML) to show the architectural model, subsystems, use cases, activity workflows, class diagram, user interfaces, and system sequence diagrams. Our auction model is grounded in object-oriented techniques and is open source so that other researchers can expand upon our approach.
Keywords—Auction fraud; Domain model class diagram; Design class diagram; Shill bidding
SECTION I
Introduction
Online auction sites, such as eBay and Yahoo! Auctions, are experiencing a dramatic increase in their popularity. The number of auction items hosted by eBay has increased from 110 million to approximately 266 million between July 2010 and September 2014 [8], [15]. A seller lists an item online for a set amount of time and buyers must place a bid higher than the last bid in order to purchase. Online auctions have removed the physical and logistical limitations of geographic proximity, time to organise, physical space, and small target audience.
However, the online environment creates many unique opportunities for people to cheat. Auction fraud can occur prior to an auction (e.g., misrepresentation of items, selling of black market goods, and triangulation), during an auction (e.g., shill bidding), or after the auction terminates (e.g., buyer does not pay for the item). Much research has been conducted around pre and post auction fraud [5], [11]. However, in-auction fraud is typically the hardest to develop effective countermeasures for as it deals with human behaviours and strategies that are somewhat unclear.
Shill bidding is the practice whereby a seller bids on his/her own auction in order to artificially increase the price that the winning bidder must pay. While it is understood that this is a problem, there are multiple strategies a shill bidder can engage in. As such there is much confusion over what actually constitutes shill bidding and how to effectively detect and prevent shill bidding. An even more significant problem is how to test the effectiveness of in-auction fraud counter measure proposals.
A major factor in the difficulty of testing in-auction fraud counter measures is the lack of available commercial online auction data. Online auctioneers do not share their auction data, commonly citing privacy reasons. However, it is more likely due to fear of damage to their public image should it be discovered that fraud is rampant in their auctions. Another significant issue with testing fraud counter measures is due to ethics/legality. For example, it is actually illegal for a researcher to engage in shill bidding in commercial online auctions primarily for the purpose of testing fraud counter measures. Due to these two major impediments, an alternative proposal for in-auction fraud testing must be examined.
We were driven to create our own online auction system due to there being limited useful literature available on auction software design. Moreover, the existing auction software literature are typcially not based on Unified Modeling Language (UML) [6], [7], [14], [16]. Whilethere are vendors who sell auction software [2], such software is expensive and cannot be customised for our research requirements. This paper presents an analysis and design of our auction system which we call uAuction. We employ UML to show the architectural model, subsystems, use cases, domain modeling, activity diagrams, database schema, website navigation, user interface, and system sequence diagrams. uAuction is being used to test the effectiveness of our own shill bidding detection and prevention proposal.
本文结构如下:第二部分讨论了在线拍卖系统设计的相关工作和本研究的动机。第三章描述了网上拍卖和拍卖形式的主要参与者。第四章描述了uAuction的设计。最后,第五章总结以及对未来的工作提供结论性意见。
本章介绍一些现有的在线拍卖系统和设计和实施uAuction的动机。
bull;卖家 - 卖家列出要出售的物品(或物品的集合)。卖家通常是以最高价格购买商品。
本章讨论uAuction的设计。详细讨论了设计类图和uAuction设计接口。
用于在uAuction中执行在线拍卖的高级软件模型。主要有两方:用户(投标人或卖方)和拍卖人。通信链接用于加入双方。
1.用户:用户可以是投标人或卖家。竞价人使用HTML浏览器与拍卖人交互。双向通信链接用于与拍卖人通信以进行投标或从拍卖人处获得诸如拍卖状态的信息。
1.拍卖人:拍卖人运行网络服务器(例如,MySQL服务器)和脚本语言如PHP。拍卖人负责从投标人和卖方处获取信息。拍卖人提供注册服务,日志服务,访问控制服务,数据持久化服务等。
bull;投标人界面:每个气泡都会显示一个网页,并且从一个页面到另一个页面的弧线表明热链接可以从第一页到第二页。双向通信链接表示可以浏览第一页到第二页,也可以从第二页返回到第一页。
- Best Auction software. Available: http://www.capterra.com/ auction-software/. [Accessed: 22-Jan-2016]
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