传统家电企业电子商务应用的营销模式研究——以奥普为例
摘要:近年来,电子商务一直保持又快又稳的发展。电子商务应用得越来越广泛,消费者的购物方式也发生了很大的变化。这种变化对家电企业的电子商务产生巨大的冲击和影响,传统家电企业能否把握适合有效的营销模式至关重要。非洲地区也不例外,非洲地区的电子商务逐渐发展起来,引起了人们和社会的广泛关注。随着人们对电子商务发展的进一步认识,大力发展互联网企业和电子商务运营公司。非洲即将成为第二最大的移动市场在亚洲和欧洲的技术发展最快的一个地区。
关键字: 家电 市场 需求 竞争 发展 电子商务 互联网
越来越多地使用智能手机引起了人们对电子器件关注并提高了认识。
一个众所周知的事实是撒哈拉以南的非洲地区的经济出现强劲的增长迹象,部分是由原材料和资源情况引起的;但是,在人口增长和大批中产阶级的崛起带动下,对家电的需求是家电市场经济发展迅速的关键驱动。这不仅是一个事实,也是由于本身的性质的一种长期的赋予。
虽然目前支持力度不够,投资人和资金需要大力引进,基础设施投资有待持续和后续相关服务有待增加,这些因素的加速之后才可以促进经济的稳定增长,需要当地政府加紧招商引资,希望在获得大力支持后,开展互联网便民的活动,方便大众。
一个积极的,向上的这种经济趋势,市场需求和消费行为的变化,意味着在非洲的家电市场机会拥有一个电器大环境中的多个市场。这是一个加速的经济文化水平,迅速的提高电器的使用驱动的智能手机的认识:非洲是第二最大的移动市场在亚洲和欧洲的技术发展最快的一个地区。
因此,虽然面临了主要的挑战:在这一地区的prevalent弱化结构的电网,或临时的问题:政治的,医疗卫生的,如疾病等,但是我们必须指出的是,在快速变化的市场中,国际货币基金预测2015年非洲将实现持续增长百分之四点三,维持一个迅速变化的本地市场。我们在非洲看到什么?很显然,智能手机是数字驱动的主要市场,在迅速扩大的家庭和中产阶级的崛起推动下,其他家庭设备和个人设备,如家电、消费类电子产品等,在整个地区都表现良好,销售情况有所进步。不仅如此,人们的生活方式也随着其发展也逐渐发生变化,通过网上平台进行购物,购买日常生活用品、服饰、书籍等,甚至是果蔬产品。电子商品购物能够方便人们不出家门就可以收获到自己需要的产品,大大节约了购物的时间和精力,减少了购物的环节和路程位移,促进了支付方式从现金刷卡到网上银行支付的转变
家用电器属于价格偏高,耐用的消费品。尤其是大型家电,如电视机、冰箱、洗衣机,一台好的家用电器就足够一个家庭使用5年甚至更久。由于家电产品的耐用,使得家用电器购买次数偏少,使用时间较长。所以消费者在购买前对家电商品十分谨慎,考虑周到。
家电市场依旧是动态的,如果价格比较贵,也会出现产品组合变化,扩展高技术含量的家电。与我们经常听到的假设相反,这个家电市场并不是廉价市场。家电市场与以前的不一样,现在家电市场拥有比以前更强烈的需求,很想要与目标接近的家电产品。
在竞争方面,当然也有传统的存在,更多品牌家电涌入,是的非洲家电市场异常火热,家电产品竞争也随之激烈。但动力学,动态发展意味着家电在非洲市场的发展位置和机会正在迅速发生变化。
特别是,分销和渠道正在增加,有组织的贸易是互补和瞄准新的一系列机会,并改变非洲的家电零售市场。这不仅是在首都或者重大城市的购物商场,而且还蔓延到二、三级城市。传统零售商在农村地区是重要的,但新的连锁店将提供更深更广的产品和有竞争力的价格,以满足日益增长的消费意识。
分销策略是处于市场营销和品牌的控制与直接投资之间的微妙的平衡策略。分销策略是指通过不停渠道分开销售,设立分销商来经营销售的全过程。传统上来说,代理商和分销商帮助品牌降低财务方面风险和物流的风险,同时提供配送服务。这些经销商在非洲有着丰富的经验和强大的力量。家电产品还有着独特性,涉及安装,售后维修等问题,但是巨大的电子商务市场依然吸引这家电企业涉足。
家电企业生产出来的家电产品按照经销商的订单,配送至经销商的仓库,由于信息的不对称产生牛鞭效应,经销商在一定时间内或积累一定数量库存,或暂时短缺家电产品。增加了企业运营的成本。再者,经销商在多种成本的基础上加价销售给消费者,增加了消费者消费的费用,也增加了经销商销售的风险。经过销售中间商的重重加价,使得消费者买不到价位合适的家电商品,也使得家电企业产品存在一定程度上的库存和折旧。
营销模式是一种体系,并不仅仅是一种手段或方式。营销模式的核心在于通过什么方式去推广、去执行,把一个优秀质量好的产品、服务、营销策划案执行到位,从而获得尽可能好的营销效果。
现如今家电企业的竞争不仅仅局限于传统的营销渠道,电子商务与运营也成为夺取市场的一把双刃剑。家电企业使用得当,可以市场上成为常胜将军,若是使用不得当,破釜沉舟也未必也占据不了市场的一席之地。市场竞争激烈。家电产品由于自身的产品特点,规模化产业增加,政府对家电产业的规范和管制较少,给予家电企业自由发挥的空间增加,市场运作空间大,竞争对手跃跃欲试,逐渐形成竞争激烈的情况。
然而,当一段时间的市场定位和品牌成为成功的关键:相比比纯粹的价格策略,平衡必须倾斜向于制造商直接参与和最终销售产品给最终用户,以确保品牌和形象的连续性。
一般来说,中国品牌在非洲已经建立了声誉,即值得用钱购买,够买产品以及其服务。但在一个迅速变化的环境中,在零售空间所有的角色确保市场的一致性是很重要的。
除了连接食品和社会交往的文化特征,撒哈拉以南的非洲市场的特点是通过日常消费面临的相关产品,用途和目的地成为当地具体的挑战。
主要问题仍然是在非洲客户的持续稳定,但是整体来说,销售额增长不了多少是因为当地人们的收入水平较低。特别是在农村地区,人口众多,而且那里的人口是集中在下半年够买的可能性比较大。但是撒哈拉以南非洲的情况比农村地区情况更加糟糕地区收入差异悬殊,消费能力有所差别,需求类型也有所不同。
在日常生活中,大约一半的世界人口没有用上电,但电是有可用性,虽然往往是不稳定的。这解释了欣欣向荣的发电机市场的潜力存在,24小时手术冰柜以及局部有吸力的解决方案。家电产品不存在专门针对这些问题,即使在断电也保证操作。
另一个主要的问题是水的供应。对于家用电器,这意味着水的消耗是对非洲直接消费的重要性。在非洲,水资源匮乏是不争的事实,适应国情,非洲部分缺水地区要克服该问题,从而发展互联网家电经济,使得非洲当地人民能享受到互联网活动或者电子商务活动带来的方便的优势。以一种迂回的方式,非洲是走近绿色技术现状及相关问题和能源效率。
非洲的市场状况,分销渠道和产品是类似于1995年的中国,相似的产品有在电子设备,销售强劲增长的电视,其次是冰箱和若干年后的洗衣机增长比较缓慢,渠道方式有待进一步的改进,一些政策方面的约束和问题有带进一步的审核。
到目前为止,存在大量的需求面向智能手机的不平衡,地区不平衡。但同时也显示了巨大的机会,需求在增长。每个品牌冰箱在撒哈拉以南非洲地区销售,销售结果很乐观,也给于品牌ing想在非洲地区的销售增加了不少的信心,顾客有购买两台电视,智能手机的购买力,非洲拥有不错的销售前景和需求,是一个很大的市场。
由于货币波动,进口税收很高的一些家电产品(无论是部分或全套),进口成本越来越贵。这个也是一个主要的原因,需要国家老实施合适的财政政策。
作者是家电撒哈拉以南非洲的领导, GfK,
外文文献出处:中国日报非洲版2015年4月3日页码9
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传统家电企业电子商务应用的营销模式研究——以奥普为例
A changing market for appliances
By Roberto Fogliata (China Daily Africa)
The continents awareness of electronic devices is being driven by the increasing use of smart phones
It is a known fact that sub-Saharan Africa is showing strong signs of economic growth, partly driven by the demand for raw materials and resources, but also, which is critical for appliances markets, driven by a growth in population and the rise of the middle class. This is not only a fact, it is by its very nature a long-term given.
Though currently thin, sustained infrastructure investment and a subsequent increase in the service sector are adding to these accelerating factors.
As a consequence of this positive economic trend, market demand and changes in consumer behavior mean that the African appliances markets are an opportunity in volume as much as in market segments. This is further accelerated by the increasing level of awareness of appliances driven by the rapidly increasing use of smart phones: Africa is the second-largest mobile technology market after Asia and the fastest growing one.
Hence, despite the major challenges faced in the region - be it structural such as the prevalent weakness of the power grid, or temporary, such as diseases or political problems - we must point out that the International Monetary Fund is forecasting growth of 4.3 percent for 2015, sustained by a rapidly changing local market.
What do we see in Africa? It is clear that smart phones are driving the market in numbers, but other home and personal equipment, such as home appliances or consumer electronics, are performing well throughout the whole region, boosted by the rapidly expanding number of households and the rise of the middle class.
The home appliances market remains dynamic, if very price sensitive, but there is also a change in product mix with the expansion of a range of high-end appliances. Contrary to assumptions often heard, we are not talking about cheap markets.
In terms of competition, there are of course the traditional presences, but the dynamics, nature and developments in African markets mean that positions and opportunities are changing rapidly.
In particular, distribution and channels are seeing an increased presence of organized trade that is complementing and targeting new pockets of opportunities and changing the African appliances retail market. These are not only in the capitals shopping malls, but also are spread out to secondary and tertiary cities. Traditional retailers are important in rural areas, but new chain stores offer a wider and deeper range of products and competitive prices, which cater to the increasing consumer awareness.
Distribution strategies are always a delicately balanced tactic between marketing and branding control against direct investment. Traditionally, agents and distributors have helped brands reduce their financial risk and exposure while delivering a distribution service. These kinds of distributors in Africa are experienced and powerful.
However, at a time when market positioning and branding are essential to success - more so than pure pricing strategies - the balance has to be tilted toward more direct involvement of manufacturers into the final sale of the product to the end-user to ensure continuity in branding and image.
Generally speaking, Chinese brands in Africa have established a reputation as good 'value for money', but in a rapidly changing environment, it is important for all actors in the retail space to ensure marketing consistency.
Apart from the cultural specificities linked to food and social interactions, sub-Saharan African market peculiarities are mostly related to specific local challenges faced by the consumer on a daily basis: products, usage and destinations.
The main problem for African customers remains stability in power supply, especially in rural areas where around half of the population is concentrated. Sub-Saharan Africas situation is one of the worse worldwide on that front.
Around half of the global population doesnt have any access to electricity, but when there is availability, too often it is unstable. This explains the existence of thriving generators markets, as well as locally attractive solutions for 24-hour operative freezers. Products do exist to specifically target these issues, ensuring operations even during blackouts.
Another major topic is the water supply. For home appliances, this means that water consumption is of direct importance to the African consumer. In a roundabout way, Africa is drawing nearer to current and relevant issues of green technology and energy efficiency.
Africas current situation - the state of its markets, distribution channels and products - is similar to Chinas in 1995, where there was a strong rise in sales of electronic devices, of TVs, followed by refrigerators and after some years washing machines.
Thus far, there is an imbalance massively geared toward smart phones, though that also reveals big opportunities. For each refrigerator sold in sub-Saharan Africa, customers purchase two TVs and 34 smart phones.
Import duties are sometimes high for some products, but currencies are fluctuating, making imports (either components or full units) increasingly expensive.
The author is head of Home Appliance Sub-Saharan Africa, GfK.
(China Daily Africa Weekly 04/03/2015 page9)
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