居于德:《列子》和《庄子》关于满足,家和自我定位
作者:Jeffrey Dippmann 单位:Central Washington University,Ellensburg,USA
摘要:尽管传统上被认为是经典,《列子》一直保持最可以理解的之一,在某种程度上,大多数误解文本里的道教教义。本研究首先阐述《列子》关于德的概念,以及在生活中与知足相关的特定分配(或分)。特别要注意的是北宫子和西门子之间的转变(出现在力命(努力和命运)这一章)。尽管他的地位和情况很平凡,但北宫子发现,在他认识到上天赐予他的与生俱来的特有的生命价值,满足感就出现了。而西门子的特权地位、明显的幸福,是上天赐予他幸运的结果,北宫子,进而《列子》的读者,了解到真正的幸福在于充分利用一个人的德,道天生体现在一切事物中。本文然后继续探索《庄子》中的类似主题,梳理文本的各种方式,支持并扩展了道家在“天命”中关于满足和“家”的概念。当我们读《庄子》4,为了自己的心灵,既不能悲伤也不能快乐摇摆或移动; 去理解你并不能做什么,然后安于自己的命,这是德的完善”(自事其心者, 哀樂不易施乎前, 知其不可奈何而安之若命, 德之至也)。我们是谁,最终驻留在我们的家,美德的完善是上天提供给我们每一个人的。
关键词:德;满足;命运;家;列子
同样地,《庄子》九以下列方式描绘了德:
人们的本性是不变的,
通过他们的编织衣服,通过他们的耕耘,
这叫做“分享内在力量”。
在同一性和无派别中,
它的名字叫做“和空气一样自由”
因此,当内在力量达到极限时hellip;hellip;
人们和鸟兽一样,肩并肩地生活在一起,就像那些拥有无数生物的族人一样;他们怎么能从一个无赖中认识一个绅士呢?
在相同中,一无所知!
不与他们的内在力量分开。
在相同中,没有欲望!
把它叫做“简单而未被琢磨的”。
在简单和未经琢磨的人们的本性中找到了(Roth)。
或者再一次,庄子描述:德是完整(内部)和谐的维系或教化(《庄子》五)。它的分配或分配给每一个生活的人作为一个特定点,如果你遵守道的话。德注入,赋予了活力,使之成为现实,体现道具有潜在的不可言说的非特异性。在很多方面,这种用法和描述反映了德的概念的演变及其许多的变体,正如Scott A. Barnwell最近追溯得出的。
此外,有充分的证据证明,要接受德和得(获得,接受,获得)之间的同源连接。首先,最好的重构表明了古汉语中两个术语的发音相同(Nivison 1996)。其次,我们发现,汉哲学家和词典的编者们对这两个词的使用是可以互换的。最后,似乎在命和德的概念之间有一个早期的联系,在德是礼物或分配的情况下,命被提供给个体或家族,是上天的慷慨恩赐。在其他一些人中,Vassili Kryukov认为,最早关于德的记载是在周朝的青铜铭文上发现的,表明德是上天的一份“仁慈的礼物”,翻译了部分Shi Qiang pan上的铭文:“上帝送出了对完美德的大力支持” (Kryukov 1995, 315)。个人收到(得到,得到)他们这部分的命,这是上天(道)的好意。正如Kryukov perceptively所记录的,“这是错误的,认为这只是从上面获得的一种恩惠。它的具体性质在于,虽然它是一个先于任何人的物体,但同时是物体所固有的hellip;hellip;德不能从外部被接收,因为它总是在(一个人)内部hellip;hellip;”(同前)。在这方面,我们经常发现,在经典的道家著作中,德被视作性的同义词,老是被解释为内在或人性。
后来的观念认为德和得是同源的,用以说明的第一个例子来自《列子》。因此,我们从《列子》的第一章开始,它的主要主题围绕的中心是,在我们生命开始到最后死亡的过程中,我们要顺从自己。孔子,在文本里反复出现的一张图,当他碰见荣启期时,正在泰山漫步,穿着最粗糙的外套,在城的杂草丛生的荒地上欢快地唱着歌。对九岁孩子所处环境和明显的幸福不一致而感到困惑,昔日孔子曾问过这种无限快乐的原因。
荣的立即反应是一种感激和满足。由于人类是上天后代的顶峰,男性是人类最受尊敬的成员,而许多人都无法在婴儿时期生存下来。荣是被自然分配成为人类男性的,活了九十岁,并毫不费力地表达了自己的快乐之歌。试问谁能获得了如同上天赋予荣启期的幸运礼物而不感到开心呢?事实上,正如他告诉孔子的那样,它们大都存在于贫瘠的环境中,最终都将死去。荣目前享受的正是上天分配他的恩赐。尤其在前两种情况中,他作为人类以及男性的角色,他向孔子保证,这些是他的,不是靠努力,也不是靠个人修养,而是靠天道的恩宠。AC Graham因此翻译了荣对他所处环境的评价,得为,“我所获得的”是“幸运”。考虑到现实,荣简单地身处在他所处的环境,耐心地等待着不可避免的事情,而且面对生活的态度是充满了幸福快乐。
正因为Graham翻译孔子对荣启期生活态度的评价是一种安慰,因此暗示了一种对他的环境的被动的顺从(“很好hellip;hellip;他是一个懂得如何安慰自己的人”Graham 24),我会强调一种稍微更加真实、更加积极的解释,一种与荣性格和推动文本整体相符的解释:“好——我衷心地赞成!这里被赋予了广阔的生活!”(善乎hellip;hellip;能自宽者也)。不是简单地将自己与命运相协调,这是一种相当忧郁和失败主义的观点,反而列子鼓励读者去拥抱自己的命运,尽最大努力,做一次大范围的回家,住在那个家里,找到自己的快乐。
庄子在几个关于列子的叙述中,很明显地反映了这些观点。其中在第七章中发现得最多,包括了列子和萨满巫师的故事,也为后人津津乐道。在带来巫师给师父壶子,壶子因为精通道而识破了巫师骗局,此事之后,列子得出结论,经过多年的训练,他从没有真正开始学习任何东西。他回家三年,闭门不出。他代替妻子,在家烧火做饭,喂猪就像喂人一样,对他所做的事也没有什么偏好。他摆脱了雕刻和打磨,回到了平实的状态,让他的身体像土块一样孤独站立。在纠缠的过程中,他保持封闭,在这种同一性下,结束了他的生命。
不要成为一个有名望的人;不要成为计划的仓库;不要做项目的承担者;不要成为智慧的所有者。把没有尽头的东西充分体现,去走没有小道的路。凡你从天上所领受的,都要守住,但是不要认为你已经得到一切。让自己放空,这就是全部(Watson 1968, 97)。
在列子对师父壶子的言语中,他完美呈现了因师父的教诲使自己有所转变,人天性中的满足最终在他的家中被发现。简单来说,列子所说的“地方”并不是在高级的“精神训练”和萨满教的欺骗中。相反地,我们被列子的例子所鼓舞,回到了我们的家,在上天关于德的分配中心满意足地休息。在这里,我们将会遇到真正的自我,发现并培养我们自己在道中的独一无二的地位。
我们的第二个选择来自《列子》《力命第二章》,这里包含了在整篇文章中对德(二十三个这样事件中的五个)的最集中表现(如果你富于想象的话)。在列子其他的叙述中,这种特性没有出现超过两次。另外,正如前面提到的,它也代表了在整部著作中体现德和幸福的联系最重要的部分。
相关故事的简介将会设置我们的阶段。力命的叙述中把我们介绍给了两个族人,北宫子和西门子,出生在相同的时代,大概住在同一个村庄,而且貌似近乎两个一模一样的人,无论是外貌、言谈还是行为都是一样的。然而到这里,他们的相似点结束了,正如他们各自的命运已经发生了截然不同的转折。西门子享受了生命中所有的美好事物,还有来自部落的赞誉。然而北宫子遭遇的是冷漠、贫穷、来自同族者的虐待。当北宫子询问西门子是否认为二者的不同遭遇是由于后者具有更大的价值,西门子所说的让他对自我价值有了另一种质疑:
我没有办法知道真相,但是很显然地,无论我们努力去做什么,我成功了,你却失败了。难道这不是实实在在地把我的价值和你的缺点对比出来了吗?你到现在居然还有胆量说我们在所有地方都是一样的!(Graham 1960, 123)
北宫子沮丧地低着头,朝家走去,心中充满困惑与羞愧。在路上,他在交叉口遇上了东郭先生(东方堡垒),东郭先生很自然地问北宫子为什么表现得这么难过。听了北宫子的悲惨故事,东郭先生和他直接返回找西门子,于是东郭先生要求为这一耻辱做解释。东郭先生训斥了幸运但傲慢的西门子,教导他俩用正确的方式来了解上天的安排:
西门子,当你断言一个比另一个更有价值,你的意思简单来说就是一个比另一个有更天赋。我的看法是完全不同的。北宫子拥有的德多于命,而你拥有命比德多。你所有的成功不是你自身智慧的结果;他的失败也不是他愚蠢的产物。德和命、成功和失败是同样的,来自上天,而不是人类本身。你之所以可以表现放肆是因为你的命运好,然而他感到羞愧是因为他有更多的德。你们俩无论得到了什么,背后的深层原因都是因为上天的分配(Graham 1960, 123 稍微修改过)。
看似开明地,西门子承诺永远不会再说出这些话(虽然我们没有被告知他是否会因此改变他的行为),然后北宫子回家了。当他回来的时候,我们了解到他的觉醒状态所带来的满足,我们也就打开了这篇论文。
从这一转折点,到他的余生,北宫子一直在家,上天通过他先天固有的德提供给和分配给它的满足和满意一直伴随着他hellip;hellip;不论价值和本质是什么。不要在名字背后做过多的解读,也不愿意像Victor Mair在他对《庄子》的翻译中强烈地表现出对某一主张的倾向性,不过,我发现我们主人公的名字很有趣,也有点生动,北宫子,暗示是“一个住在北方的人”,而我们次一点的主角的命名,西门子,援引不稳定的运动,那就是“一个通过西门的人”。东郭先生,同样地,是充当堡垒的作用,就是防卫墙,保护北宫子被发现的家——在他内心住着的德的家。
北宫子的幸福转变不是偶然的改变,生活环境的提升,增加了财富和公共认可度。相反地,他从悔恨的、充满羞愧到后来的显著转变,这种转变是伴随一个词、一句话出现的,出现是因为视角的变化,这是早期道教文学中反复出现的主题。正如《庄子》的每三个早晨提醒我们的:“现实在言语之后”不需要改变——只是我们对它的反应。通过理解,一个实质性的存在方式就是,我们的生活境遇不取决于赞不赞成,公不公平,相反地,取决于道德提供给我们的分配所得,这样我们方能在人生中收获平静、满足和幸福。就如同荣启期知道怎样在他的境况下活得广阔,“住在”,“在家的感觉”,活得开心,就像一个九十岁的贫穷的人,我们多么应该接受、拥抱、繁荣我们的“命运”,这是道和德在我们生活中的价值和恩赐。幸福在很多方面都取决于我们的能力(或优势、意愿),来认识我们的德,并采取相应的行动。仅仅是智力上的默许是不够的;我们必须尽最大努力参与到生活中去,在所有的辉煌和贫困中。
外文文献出处:Jeffrey Dippmann. Residing in De: contentment, home amp; finding onersquo;s place in the Liezi amp; Zhuangzi.International Communication of Chinese Culture,February 2017, Volume 4, Issue 1, pp 65–73.
附外文文献原文
Likewise, Zhuangzi nine depicts de in the following manner:
The people have a nature that is constant:
By their weaving clothed, by their ploughing fed-
This is called lsquo;sharing Inner Powerrsquo; [de].
In oneness and without faction:
The name for it is lsquo;free as the airrsquo;.
Therefore, in the age when Inner Power was at its utmosthellip;.
people lived in sameness with birds and beasts, side by side as fellow clansmen with the myriad creatures; how would they know a gentleman from a knave?
In sameness, knowing nothing!
Not parted from their Inner Power.
In sameness, desiring nothing!
Call it “the simple and unhewn.”
In the simple and unhewn the nature of the people is found (Roth).
Or again, the Zhuangzi describes de as the maintenance or cultivation of complete (internal) harmony (Zhuangzi five). It is that which is allocated or apportioned to each living being as its particular piece, if you will, of Dao. De infuses, animates, energizes, brings to fruition, the latent, ineffable, non-particularity of Dao. In many ways, this usage and depiction reflects and echoes the evolution of the
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Residing in De: contentment, home amp; finding onersquo;s place in the Liezi amp; Zhuangzi
作者:Jeffrey Dippmann
单位:Central Washington University,Ellensburg,USA
Abstract
Although traditionally recognized as a classic, the Liezi 列子 has remained one of the most understudied and, in some ways, most misunderstood texts within the Daoist canon. The present study first elucidates the Liezirsquo;s conception of de 德 as it relates to contentedness with onersquo;s particular allotment (or fen 分) in life. Special attention is paid to the exchange between Beigongzi and Ximengzi (found in the Li Ming 力命 [Endeavor and Destiny] chapter). Here, in spite of his mean status and circumstances, Beigongzi discovers that contentment arises in the recognition of the virtue/worth/value inherent in his particular ming (命) from heaven. Whereas Ximengzirsquo;s privileged status, and apparent happiness, was a result of his heaven-allocated luck, Beigongzi, and by extension the Liezirsquo;s readers, learns that true happiness resides in making the most of onersquo;s de, the inborn manifestation of dao 道 within all things. The paper then moves on to explore similar themes in the Zhuangzi, teasing out the various ways in which the text both supports and expands the Daoist conception of locating contentment and “home” within onersquo;s “heavenly mandate” (tian ming 天命). As we read in Zhuangzi 4, “To serve onersquo;s own mind so that neither sadness or joy sway or move it; to comprehend that what you can do nothing about and rest content it as your ming 命, this is de 德 perfected” 自事其心者, 哀樂不易施乎前, 知其不可奈何而安之若命, 德之至也. Who and what we are ultimately resides in our homeground, the perfection of the virtue provided to each of us by heavenrsquo;s allocation.
Keywords
De ; Contentment ; Fate ; Home ; Liezi
所译原文:
Likewise, Zhuangzi nine depicts de in the following manner:
The people have a nature that is constant:
By their weaving clothed, by their ploughing fed-
This is called lsquo;sharing Inner Powerrsquo; [de].
In oneness and without faction:
The name for it is lsquo;free as the airrsquo;.
Therefore, in the age when Inner Power was at its utmosthellip;.
people lived in sameness with birds and beasts, side by side as fellow clansmen with the myriad creatures; how would they know a gentleman from a knave?
In sameness, knowing nothing!
Not parted from their Inner Power.
In sameness, desiring nothing!
Call it “the simple and unhewn.”
In the simple and unhewn the nature of the people is found (Roth).
Or again, the Zhuangzi describes de as the maintenance or cultivation of complete (internal) harmony (Zhuangzi five). It is that which is allocated or apportioned to each living being as its particular piece, if you will, of Dao. De infuses, animates, energizes, brings to fruition, the latent, ineffable, non-particularity of Dao. In many ways, this usage and depiction reflects and echoes the evolution of the concept of de and its many variants, as Scott A. Barnwell has recently traced (Barnwell 2013, 235).
In addition, sufficient evidence exists to warrant accepting the cognate connection between de 德 and de 得(to get, receive, obtain). First, the best reconstructions point to an identical pronunciation for the two terms in Old Chinese (Nivison 1996). Secondly, we find Han philosophers and lexicographers glossing the two terms somewhat interchangeably. And finally, there appears to be an early connection drawn between the concepts of ming and de, insofar as de is that gift, or allotment (ming) provided to the individual and clan by heavenrsquo;s munificence. Among others, Vassili Kryukov argued that the earliest instantiations of de, as found in the Zhou bronze inscriptions, points to de as a “gracious gift” from heaven (tian), translating a portion of the Shi Qiang pan inscription: “Shang di sent down the great support of perfect de” (Kryukov 1995, 315). The individual receives (gets, obtains) their portion (ming) of heavenrsquo;s {daorsquo;s} favor. As Kryukov perceptively notes, “it would be erroneous to consider de as just a favour granted from above. Its specific nature resides in the fact that, although being an object which precedes any person, it is at the same time immanent to the subjecthellip;De cannot be received from without, because it is always within (a man)hellip;” (Ibid). In this regard, we often find de serving as a synonym for xing 性, routinely translated as inner or human nature, in the classical texts of Daoism.
It is the latter sense of de 德 as cognate to de 得, that animates our first example from the Liezi. We therefore begin with the Liezirsquo;s first chapter, whose principal theme centers on reconciling ourselves with the course of our life and eventual death. Confucius, a recurring figure within the text, is out wandering on Mount Tai when he happens upon Rong Qiqi, dressed in the roughest of coats and yet joyously singing amidst the overgrown wasteland of Cheng. Perplexed by the incongruity of the ninety-year oldsrsquo; circumstances and apparent happiness, the erstwhile Confucius asks after the reasons for such boundless joy.
Rongrsquo;s immediate response is one of both gratitude and contentment. Since humanity is the pinnacle of heavenrsquo;s progeny, the male is the most revered member of humanity, and many humans never survive infancy, Rongrsquo;s ninety year allotment of life as a human male naturally and effortlessly expresses itself in joyous song. How can one not be happy given the auspicious gifts that heaven, or dao, bestowed upon Rong Qiqi? Indeed, as he informs Confucius, most exist in impoverished conditions and all will eventually die. What Rong currently enjoys is that which he has been allocated by heavenrsquo;s bounty. In the first two cases in particular, his humanity and maleness, he assures Confucius that these are his, not by dint of effort, or personal cultivation, but through the graces of heaven/dao. AC Graham
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