象征 ——它的意义和作用外文翻译资料

 2023-01-01 18:32:41

象征

——它的意义和作用

原文作者 Alfred North Whitehead 剑桥大学

摘要:对不同文明时代的最细微调查揭示了他们对象征主义态度的巨大差异。有些更深层次的象征主义,在某种意义上是人为的,但如果没有它们,我们就无法继续前进。还有另一种纯粹的书写语言。它由代数学的数学符号构成。在某些方面,这些符号与普通语言的符号不同,因为只要遵守代数规则,代数符号的运作可以为您进行推理。普通语言并非如此。你永远不会忘记语言的含义,并相信仅仅使用语法可以帮助你。

关键词:象征主义; 语言; 感知

一、象征主义的种类

对不同文明时代的最细微调查揭示了他们对象征主义态度的巨大差异。例如,在欧洲的中世纪时期,象征主义似乎主宰了人们的想象力。建筑是象征性的,仪式是象征性的,纹章是象征性的。随着宗教改革的到来,人们试图放弃作为“喜欢的东西,无用的发明”的符号,并集中精力直接理解最终的事实。

但是这样的象征主义处在生活的边缘上。它的构造中有一个无关紧要的因素。它可以被一个时代接受并在另一时代被抛弃的事实证明了它肤浅的性质。

有些更深层次的象征主义,在某种意义上是人为的,但如果没有它们,我们就无法继续前进。语言,包括书面语言以及口头语言,即包含其间。仅仅单词的发音或者它在纸上的形状是无关紧要的。词是一个符号,它的意思是由思想,图像和情绪构成,在听者的思想中产生。

还有另一种纯粹的书写语言。它由代数学的数学符号构成。在某些方面,这些符号与普通语言的符号不同,因为只要遵守代数规则,代数符号的运作可以为您进行推理。普通语言并非如此。你永远不会忘记语言的含义,并相信仅仅使用语法可以帮助你。在任何情况下,语言和代数似乎都比中世纪欧洲的大教堂更适合举例作为最基本的象征类型。

二、象征和感知

还有另一种象征意义比上述类型更加基础。当我们抬头看到面前的一个彩色的模型,我们说:“有一把椅子。”但是我们所看到的仅仅是有色的形状。也许艺术家可能没有跳到椅子的概念。他可能只停留在美丽的色彩和形状中。但我们这些不是艺术家的人非常容易以某种使用方式,情感或思想的方式传递,直接从有色的形状感知到椅子的享受,特别是当我们感到疲倦的时候。我们可以通过参考一系列困难的逻辑推理来轻松地解释这段文章。因为考虑到我们以前的各种形状和各种颜色的经验,我们得出可能的结论,即我们在椅子上。我对于从彩色形状到椅子所需的心态的高度特征非常怀疑。这种怀疑的一个原因是,我的朋友,那位一直沉迷于色彩、形状和位置的艺术家,是一个训练有素的人。他以巨大的劳动为代价获得了无视椅子的能力。仅仅是为了避免进行错综复杂的推理,我们不需要精心训练。这种节制太容易了。另一个原因是,如果我们(除了艺术家)有一只小狗陪伴,狗会立即根据椅子的假设采取行动,并且可以通过使用它的方式跳到椅子上。此外,如果狗没有采取这种行动,那可能是因为它是一支训练有素的狗。因此,从有色形状过渡到可以用于与颜色无关的各种目的的物体的概念似乎是非常自然的。我们需要系统的训练以限制这种自然反应。

因此,有色的形状似乎是我们体验中其他元素的符号,当我们看到彩色形状时,我们会调整我们对其他元素的行为。这种象征意义从我们的感官到象征的身体往往是错误的。灯光和镜子的狡猾调整可能会完全欺骗我们。即使我们没有受到欺骗,我们也只能通过努力拯救自己。从感觉呈现到身体的象征主义是所有象征模式中最自然和最普遍的。它不仅仅是一种向性,也不是自动转向,因为男人和小狗在看到它们时经常无视椅子。另外一个变成光的郁金香可能是最少的感觉呈现。我将基于这样的假设进行论证:感觉主要是更高级生物体的特征,而所有生物都具有因果效力的经验,因此它们的功能受其环境条件限制。

三、在方法论上

实际上,象征主义非常关注我们的体验,更多原始元素在符号的性质中使用纯粹的感官认知。因此,由于感官认知具有绝对重要性,是高等生物体的特征,我将主要将这一象征主义的研究局限于象征主义对人类生活的影响。这是一个普遍的原则,低等级特征最好首先与相应的低等级生物联系起来研究,其中这些特征不会被更多发展类型的功能所掩盖。相反,应该首先研究高级特征与完美的生物体的关系。

当然,作为引发特定角色全面扫描的第二个近似,我们想要知道高级角色的萌芽阶段,以及低级角色可以服从更高类型功能的方式。

十九世纪夸大了历史方法的力量,并且认为每个角色都应该只在其萌芽阶段进行研究。因此,例如,“爱”已经在野人中进行了研究,近来在白痴之中也进行了研究。

四、象征主义的可能性

符号主义和直接知识之间有一个很大的区别。直接的经验是可靠的,你所经历的,你经历过的。但象征主义是非常易犯的,因为它可能会引发关于事物的行为、感情、情绪和信仰,这些事物仅仅是没有象征主义引导我们预先假定的那种世界范例的概念。我将发展象征论是我们作为我们直接知识结果的一个重要因素的论点。只有在涉及重要问题时,其符号功能通常是合理的,条件才能成功的高等生物体。但是人类的错误同样来自象征。理解和清除人类所依赖的符号是理性的任务。

充分考虑人的心理需要一个这样的解释:我们如何才能知道真相,我们如何犯错,以及我们如何能够批判地区分真理与错误。这样的解释要求我们区分那种本质上能够立即与事实相识的心理功能类型与那种由于其满足第一种功能所提供的某些标准而仅值得信赖的功能类型。

我将坚持认为第一种功能适当地称为“直接识别”,第二种功能称为“符号参考”。我还将努力说明所有人类象征主义,尽管表面看起来似乎肤浅的教义最终都是被减少到这种基本符号参考的训练,训练最终在直接识别的替代模式中连接感知。

五、象征主义的定义

在这个前提性解释之后,我们必须从象征主义的正式定义开始:当人们的经验的某些组成部分引起意识、信仰、情感和用法,尊重其经验的其他组成部分时,人的头脑就象征性地起作用。前一组成分是“符号”,而后一组成分是符号的“含义”。由符号向意义转变的有机功能将被称为“象征性参照”。这种象征性参照是由知觉者性质所贡献的主动合成元素。它需要在象征和意义的本质之间建立在某个生态的基础上。但是,这两种性质中的共同元素本身并不需要象征性的参照,也不能决定哪一个应该是符号,哪一个应该是有意义的,也不能确定这个符号参考应该免于为知识产生错误和灾难。我们必须根据实际存在的自我生产的初级阶段来设想知觉。

为了保护由某个初级阶段产生的这种自我生产的概念,我想提醒你,除此之外,没有道义上的责任。锅匠,而不是锅,负责锅的形状。一个真实的场合出现时,将这些主要观点所产生的各种感知,多种感受,多种目的以及其他各种活动汇集到一个真实的背景中。这里的活动是自我生产的另一个名字。

六、体验为活动

通过这种方式,我们赋予知识者一种生产自己经验的活动。尽管那个经历的那一刻,只是有一次,并不是别人的本性。因此,至少对于知识分子而言,知觉是自身与所感知事物之间的内在关系。在分析中,涉及符号参考知觉的总活动必须提交给知识者。这种象征性的引用需要符号和意义之间的共同点,这可以在不涉及完美的知识的情况下表达出来。但是它也需要一些可以不考虑特定符号或其特定含义就可以考虑的知识的活动。自己认为符号及其含义既不需要在两者之间有象征性的引用,也不要求夫妻成员之间的符号引用应该是一种方式而不是另一种方式。他们关系的本质本身并不决定哪个是符号,哪个是意义。没有经验的组成部分只是符号或只有意义。更常见的符号引用是从较原始的组件作为符号到更原始的意义。这个声明是彻底的现实主义的基础。它消除了我们的经验中的任何神秘元素。这仅仅是指,并且因此掩盖了直接知觉的面纱。它宣称象征性参照在复杂体验中的两个组成部分之间存在的原则,每个组成部分都有内在的能力直接承认。任何缺乏这种有意识的分析认识都是相对较低级别知识分子心态缺陷的缺点。

七、语言

为了举例说明符号和意义的倒置,可以考虑语言和语言所表达的东西。一个词是一个符号。但一个词可以是书面的或口头的。有时候,一个文字可能会提示相应的口语,而这个声音可能暗示了一个意思。在这种情况下,书面文字是一个符号,其含义是口语词,口语词是一个符号,其含义是该词的词典意义,即口语或书面意义。但是,文字通常在没有口头文字干预的情况下实现其目的。因此,书面文字直接象征字典意思。但是如此波动和复杂的是人类的经验,一般来说,这些案例都没有以这里阐述的明确方式来举例说明。书面文字往往暗示了口语和意义,通过对口头词的补充提及同样的意义,使符号的引用变得更加清晰和明确。类似地,我们可以从可能引起对书面文字的视觉感知的口头文字开始。

此外,为什么我们说“树”这个词——口头的或书面的——对我们来说是树的象征?这个词本身和树木本身都以相同的条件进入我们的经验,并且抽象地查看这个问题也同样明智,因为树象征树的象征词,“树”这个词象征树。这当然是真的,人性有时也是这样。例如,如果你是一位诗人,并希望在树上写一首歌词,那么你将走进森林,以便树木可以激发适当的单词。因此,对于诗人狂喜——或者也许是痛苦——构图而言,树是符号,词是意义。他专注于树木,以便听到这些话。

但我们大多数人都不是诗人,尽管我们在适当的尊重下阅读他们的歌词。对我们来说,这些词语是使我们能够捕捉森林中诗人的狂喜的符号。诗人是一个人,他的视觉景象和声音以及情感经验象征性地用词来形容。诗人的读者是他的人,他的话象征性地指向他想要唤起的视觉景观、声音和情感。因此,在语言的使用中,有双重的象征性参考:从说话者的话到话语,从话语到听众的事物。

在人类经验的行为中有一个象征性的参照,首先有两组成分。它们之间有一些客观的关系,这种关系在不同的情况下会有很大的不同。其次,考察者的总体构成必须影响从一组成分即符号到另一组成分的意义的符号参考。第三,关于哪一组成部分构成符号和哪些组成部分意义的问题,也取决于经验行为的特殊构成。

外文文献出处:http://www.anthonyflood.com/whiteheadsymbolism.htm

附外文文献原文

Symbolism

Its Meaning and Effect

Alfred North Whitehead

1. Kinds of Symbolism

The slightest survey of different epochs of civilization discloses great differences in their attitude towards symbolism. For example, during the medieval period in Europe symbolism seemed to dominate menrsquo;s imaginations. Architecture was symbolical, ceremonial was symbolical, heraldry was symbolical. With the Reformation a reaction set in. Men tried to dispense with symbols as “fond things, vainly invented,” and concentrated on their direct apprehension of the ultimate facts.

But such symbolism is on the fringe of life. It has an unessential element in its constitution. The very fact that it can be acquired in one epoch and discarded in another epoch testifies to its superficial nature.

There are deeper types of symbolism, in a sense artificial, and yet such that we could not get on without them. Language, written or spoken, is such a symbolism. The mere sound of a word, or its shape on paper, is indifferent. The word is a symbol, and its meaning is constituted by the ideas, images, and emotions, which it raises in the mind of the hearer.

There is also another sort of language, purely a written language, which is constituted by the mathematical symbols of the science of algebra. In some ways, these symbols are different to those of ordinary language, because the mani

剩余内容已隐藏,支付完成后下载完整资料


Symbolism

Its Meaning and Effect

Alfred North Whitehead

1. Kinds of Symbolism

The slightest survey of different epochs of civilization discloses great differences in their attitude towards symbolism. For example, during the medieval period in Europe symbolism seemed to dominate menrsquo;s imaginations. Architecture was symbolical, ceremonial was symbolical, heraldry was symbolical. With the Reformation a reaction set in. Men tried to dispense with symbols as “fond things, vainly invented,” and concentrated on their direct apprehension of the ultimate facts.

But such symbolism is on the fringe of life. It has an unessential element in its constitution. The very fact that it can be acquired in one epoch and discarded in another epoch testifies to its superficial nature.

There are deeper types of symbolism, in a sense artificial, and yet such that we could not get on without them. Language, written or spoken, is such a symbolism. The mere sound of a word, or its shape on paper, is indifferent. The word is a symbol, and its meaning is constituted by the ideas, images, and emotions, which it raises in the mind of the hearer.

There is also another sort of language, purely a written language, which is constituted by the mathematical symbols of the science of algebra. In some ways, these symbols are different to those of ordinary language, because the manipulation of the algebraical symbols does your reasoning for you, provided that you keep to the algebraic rules. This is not the case with ordinary language. You can never forget the meaning of language, and trust to mere syntax to help you out. In any case, language and algebra seem to exemplify more fundamental types of symbolism than do the Cathedrals of Medieval Europe.

2. Symbolism and Perception

There is still another symbolism more fundamental than any of the foregoing types. We look up and see a coloured shape in front of us, and we say,– there is a chair. But what we have seen is the mere coloured shape. Perhaps an artist might not have jumped to the notion of a chair. He might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful colour and a beautiful shape. But those of us who are not artists are very prone, especially if we are tired, to pass straight from the perception of the coloured shape to the enjoyment of the chair, in some way of use, or of emotion, or of thought. We can easily explain this passage by reference to a train of difficult logical inference, whereby, having regard to our previous experiences of various shapes and various colours, we draw the probable conclusion that we are in the presence of a chair. I am very sceptical as to the high-grade character of the mentality required to get from the coloured shape to the chair. One reason for this scepticism is that my friend the artist, who kept himself to the contemplation of colour, shape and position, was a very highly trained man, and had acquired this facility of ignoring the chair at the cost of great labour. We do not require elaborate training merely in order to refrain from embarking upon intricate trains of inference. Such abstinence is only too easy. Another reason for scepticism is that if we had been accompanied by a puppy dog, in addition to the artist, the dog would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such. Again, if the dog had refrained from such action, it would have been because it was a well-trained dog. Therefore the transition from a coloured shape to the notion of an object which can be used for all sorts of purposes which have nothing to do with colour, seems to be a very natural one; and we—men and puppy dogs—require careful training if we are to refrain from acting upon it.

Thus coloured shapes seem to be symbols for some other elements in our experience, and when we see the coloured shapes we adjust our actions towards those other elements. This symbolism from our senses to the bodies symbolized is often mistaken. A cunning adjustment of lights and mirrors may completely deceive us; and even when we are not deceived, we only save ourselves by an effort. Symbolism from sense-presentation to physical bodies is the most natural and widespread of all symbolic modes. It is not a mere tropism, or automatic turning towards, because both men and puppies often disregard chairs when they see them. Also a tulip which turns to the light has probably the very minimum of sense-presentation. I shall argue on the assumption that sense-perception is mainly a characteristic of more advanced organisms; whereas all organisms have experience of causal efficacy whereby their functioning is conditioned by their environment.

3. On Methodology

In fact symbolism is very largely concerned with the use of pure sense-perceptions in the character of symbols for more primitive elements in our experience. Accordingly since sense-perceptions, of any importance, are characteristic of high-grade organisms, I shall chiefly confine this study of symbolism to the influence of symbolism on human life. It is a general principle that low-grade characteristics are better studied first in connection with correspondingly low-grade organisms, in which those characteristics are not obscured by more developed types of functioning. Conversely, high-grade characters should be studied first in connection with those organisms in which they first come to full perfection.

Of course, as a second approximation to elicit the full sweep of particular characters, we want to know the embryonic stage of the high-grade character, and the ways in which low

剩余内容已隐藏,支付完成后下载完整资料


资料编号:[279288],资料为PDF文档或Word文档,PDF文档可免费转换为Word

您需要先支付 30元 才能查看全部内容!立即支付

课题毕业论文、外文翻译、任务书、文献综述、开题报告、程序设计、图纸设计等资料可联系客服协助查找。