社会工作在乌干达扶贫和千年发展目标实现中的角色外文翻译资料

 2022-12-29 10:57:24

社会工作在乌干达扶贫和千年发展目标实现中的角色

原文作者 Janestic Mwende Twikirize

摘要:本研究是作为“促进东非社会发展和扶贫领域社会工作职业化”三年计划的一部分并在奥地利高等教育和发展研究伙伴项目委员会的赞助下进行的。具体目标在于明确识别扶贫和促进社会发展方面的关键项目,以及探索职业社会工作者们在此中的具体角色、职责及其所开展的活动、所运用的方法等等。旨在探究社会工作者如何在乌干达千年发展目标背景下,着手于扶贫和社会发展方面的工作。详细阐述社会工作在扶贫工作、社会发展和具体的千年发展目标实现当中的角色和进一步巩固其角色的一些建议。

关键词:社会工作; 扶贫; 角色

  1. 社会工作、扶贫和千年发展目标的实现

社会工作在促进社会发展方面的最初角色和工作已经获得了越来越多的认可,并且其在在持续贫困不断影响社会运作和个人福利的背景下所扮演的角色是至关重要的。如此来看,社会工作在乌干达的扶贫和社会发展中也扮演着极为关键的角色。从诸多的文献回顾中不难看出乌干达的扶贫和社会发展中所涉及的许多计划、项目和策略均有社会工作的参与。并且取得了一定程度的进展,例如自2004年到2015年,每天生活开支少于一美元的乌干达居民从35%降到了24.5%,折合七十五万人。而本研究发现贫困仍然是影响社会发展和个人福利的第一难题。84%的社会工作实践者表明其大多数案主面临的关键问题是贫困。此外社会工作者面临的其他共同问题还包括疾病(尤其是艾滋病)和家暴问题。而只有45%的机构(雇用者)和37% 社会工作实践者对自己在扶贫领域的工作和贡献表示认可和满意。

乌干达千年发展目标除了极端贫困和饥饿的根除,还包括教育公平,性别平等和妇女增权,促进妇女儿童健康,防范治疗艾滋病和其他疾病,确保环境可持续发展和促进建立全球伙伴关系发展。大部分(73%)的社会工作者对千年目标的实现有大体了解,而仅有27.5%的工作者知道其中详情。据社会工作实践者透露,对千年目标实现的最高贡献是在健康领域和性别平等领域,以及建立全球伙伴合作关系领域。社会工作者对于千年目标实现的贡献被广泛认可,主要体现在饥饿和贫困消除两方面。

乌干达的贫困问题主要由包括失业、疾病、地区局势危机和边缘化等等因素引起。失业现象又由较高的文盲率、职业技能和社会资本缺失所导致。在调查对象当中,尤其是雇用者强调文盲滋生于对可利用机会和资源的忽略。而缺乏专业的职业知识和技能导致了人们的持续处于贫困状态。此外,较为广泛的疟疾、艾滋病和肺结核等传染疾病传播使得人们花费大部分的钱财在疾病治疗上而不是用在生产投资方面。而乌干达北部存在20年之久的地区局势危机同样被视为该地区贫困的主要原因。

大体而言本文对于贫困人群的概念和认定与以往国家调查文献资料当中的没有多大差异,尤其在乌干达参与性贫困评估文件中将贫困人群分为物质贫困人群以及非物质贫困人群。从社会工作所服务案主的视角来看,贫困人群深知其不良处境并且能够指出其致贫根源。因此,为了实现社会的可持续发展,将贫困人群纳入扶贫政策、项目和策略计划当中显得尤为重要。

而社会工作参与下的扶贫工作及其方法被视为是行之有效的,其通过给贫困人群普及知识培训技能以及提供机会让贫困人群解决失业问题,社会工作者运用的这种扶贫方法类似于“授人鱼不若授人之以渔”这句名言当中的所体现的方法。具备知识和技能的贫困人群比那些仅仅接受救济品的人更为容易脱离贫困。同样地,对于扶贫而言,需要给贫困人群提供更多的知识方法和技能。此外社会工作者建议扶贫还需要更多的非政府组织、非营利组织和社区的参与,尤其社区的参与有助于系统准确地识别贫困问题,共同采取扶助行动,促进资源整合并且改善贫困人群的生活状况。同时社会工作者还鼓励社区的流动资源,而不是仅仅依赖政府一类的单向输入资源,帮助贫困人群转变他们的态度、自我认知和发展理念,由此促进扶贫成果的巩固和可持续发展。社会工作者主要通过倡导和刺激社区去思考贫困人群需求以及如何通过他们的生活质量。社会工作雇用者对于社会工作者的角色进行了如下解释说明:社会工作者是知识源泉,他们是教育者。他们给贫困人群普及健康和性别知识。社会工作者还是资源链接者,他们给贫困人群链接社区和政府资源。

据不同的调查对象反映,千年发展目标实现背景下的社会工作者需要与不同系统合作(包括个人、家庭、小组、社区、机构乃至整个社会系统)。社会工作者扮演的角色也具有多样性,比如教育者、使能者、治疗者、倡导者和传递者。社会工作者同样可以做相关研究、政策完善和赋权工作(运用包括提供咨询、面谈和对抗性技巧等方法)。为了达成扶贫减贫和社会发展的目标需要更多的联合计划、获取更多的资源、促进能力实现以及在扶助过程中各个系统间进行合作。

  1. 社会工作为实现扶贫减贫和社会发展所进行的活动

社会工作者强调着重与贫困紧密相关的个人、家庭以及社区等三个层面的扶贫工作,以下两大途经清晰展示了社会工作如何进行扶贫:一方面机构负责从以上提及的一至两个层面开展扶贫工作,另一方面,社会工作实践者在减贫实践中扮演多种不同的角色,开展相应活动:

1、支持和鼓励贫困的个人和家庭开始从事获取收入来源的活动:活动旨在关注和解决失业问题,扶助那些缺乏收入或是低收入的贫困人群解决收入问题。这一方法和策略致力于扶助整个社区以及以下弱势群体包括妇女,青少年,老年人,难民和孤儿以及其他弱势儿童。这些可以帮助贫困人群获取收入来源的活动主要由社会工作者动员社区中的其他个人、家庭和社会群体、机构、企业包括猪、鸡、羊等动物畜牧业,同样也包括开展一些小型商业活动。

2、支持贫困家庭儿童的初等和高等教育:通过链接资源以及给予补贴的方式减轻贫困家庭的学费开支负担,由此有助于贫困家庭充分利用他们有限的资源和财务满足其他基本需求。

3、促进资源流通和供应:主要运用以下两大途经和方法,即补救方法和发展性方法,前者包括给予救济扶助,以食物,住宿等方式,以及给包括难民在内的一些社会群体提供药物医疗保障。后者包括由机构提供补助金、作物种子和动物。其他机构免费给贫困人群提供一些小型免息贷款以供他们投资开展相关生产性活动。

4、扮演代理者的角色:社会工作者在社区内外通过给贫困人群链接资源和技术性服务,此外社会工作者还扮演一些其他角色比如社区组织者和赋权者:包括将社区贫困人群组织成小组,共同思考解决方法、寻找和分享共用资源、促进共同发展脱贫。小组有助于贫困人群相互支持辅助,形成有效力量,链接政府项目和非政府组织。

5、扮演使能者促进贫困人群的能力建设:社会工作者致力于在扶贫过程中发掘贫困人群潜在的有限实践知识和技能问题和能力缺失问题。由此给整个社区的贫困人群和弱势群体提供培训普及相关知识技能,促进其能力提升。

6、疾病预防和健康促进:社会工作者通过给社区贫困人群、患有艾滋病患者的青少年提供健康教育和康复服务并鼓励人们积极运用身边的服务,或者自我发掘服务,进行自助。

7、扮演倡导者和调和者的角色:社会工作者关注社区那些缺少资源和权利、边缘化以及遭受排斥的贫困人群,尤其是贫困妇女、残疾人和艾滋病患者,为其提供机会和资源保障。

8、扮演研究者和政策建议倡导者:社会工作者通过与顾问机构和地方议会调查研究部门合作,共同探讨扶贫政策,进行政策完善工作。但仅有10%的社会工作者扮演此角色。

  1. 扶贫过程中社会工作者的最初角色和扶贫干预

据社会工作者的扶贫实践研究报告,扶贫过程中家庭和社区层面的扶贫工作和活动最为有效,包括资源链接流通、能力建设和社区组织性活动、咨询顾问活动和儿童教育支持项目等等。但社会工作者表示,由于对相关扶贫项目的评估研究不足,还不能指出最有效的扶贫干预,然而社会工作者最初所扮演的三种关键角色所对应的三大方法途经更有助于偏远地区的扶贫,包括实地参与扶贫、运用当地知识以及弱势贫困群体赋权。

  1. 促进实地参与扶贫和进行自下而上的干预

在偏远贫困地区,那里的人们亲身经历贫困并且对于自身未满足的需求和未解决问题有一定认知,而社会工作者缺乏亲身经历,则更应当关注贫困人群他们自我认定的需求和问题,深入社区实地入户访谈调查,需要认真倾听其想法,并从贫困人群角度寻找和设计相关干预方案。干预应该紧扣需求和问题,要从底层视角出发,而不是从政府和非营利组织的角度进行扶贫干预。

  1. 符合当地实际知识和方法的运用

社会工作雇用者强调社工需要从贫困人群当地的文化和传统中发掘并学习符合当地实际的食物和健康管理知识经验、生产技术、传播倡导方法、问题解决经验以及当地人们可以接受的现代化实践。此外社会工作者还需要了解并适度运用当地社区的领导力量去接近和影响人们。社会工作者还需要察觉和学习贫困地区当地的文化信仰价值观和语言并且了解当地社区和家庭中人们的不同身份以便更好更精准地开展扶贫干预工作。

  1. 为贫困弱势群体赋权和促进其能力建设

贫困人群尤其贫困弱势人群极少能参与社区会议,即便参与会议也害怕做决议,这样加剧了他们的无力感和归属感缺乏。由此社区决策和项目计划容易倾向于将贫困人群排除在外。社会工作者则需要识别此类人群并鼓励和帮助他们树立自信,认识到自身的优势与能力。

  1. 巩固完善社会工作者角色的相关建议

政策层面,需要为社会工作培训与实践建立法律框架与保障制度,以便提供社会工作的职业和专业身份认同。近年对于恢复和增强社会工作专业认同的工作不断开展,所取得的成果需要不断地巩固,以便社会工作在扶贫进程中更好地发挥动员、激励、监管、链接、标准制定实施等至关重要的作用。

培训层面,社会工作的相关教育机构应当结合相关贫困地区实际进行社会调查研究,加强扶贫领域的实践教学,将理论与实践更好地结合起来。另一个关键的需要就是要创造性地发掘更多途经和机构以便推进社会工作专业化培训教育的可持续发展。

实践层面,应当开展更为紧密结合贫困地区当地文化的扶贫实践,采取多学科结合的方法进行扶贫干预以及增强社会工作在研究、政策影响、发展和倡导方面的作用。

外文文献出处:www.fountainpublishers.co.ug

附外文文献原文

The Role of Social Work in Poverty Reduction and the Realisation of the MDGs in Uganda

Janestic Mwende Twikirize

The study was undertaken as part of a three-year project on thelsquo;Promotion of Professional Social Work towards Social Development and Poverty Reduction in East Africarsquo;(PROSOWO), under the auspices of the Austrian Partnership Programme in Higher Education and Research for Development (APPEAR). The specific objectives were to identify key programs undertaken to reduce poverty so as to achieve social development, and assess the extent to which professional social workers are engaged in such programs, their specific roles and responsibilities as well as the approaches and methods used. Further, the study aimed to assess the adequacy of the social work curriculum in preparing social workers to address issues of poverty and social development in the context of MDGs.

Which presents an overview of policies and programs to reduce poverty and achieve social development and the MDGs in Uganda. The goals examined are the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, equity in education, improving maternal and child health, combating HIV/AIDZ and other diseases, gender equality and empowerment of women, ensuring environmental sustainability and developing global partnerships for development. The contribution of soci

剩余内容已隐藏,支付完成后下载完整资料

The Role of Social Work in Poverty Reduction and the Realisation of the MDGs in Uganda

Janestic Mwende Twikirize

The study was undertaken as part of a three-year project on thelsquo;Promotion of Professional Social Work towards Social Development and Poverty Reduction in East Africarsquo;(PROSOWO), under the auspices of the Austrian Partnership Programme in Higher Education and Research for Development (APPEAR). The specific objectives were to identify key programs undertaken to reduce poverty so as to achieve social development, and assess the extent to which professional social workers are engaged in such programs, their specific roles and responsibilities as well as the approaches and methods used. Further, the study aimed to assess the adequacy of the social work curriculum in preparing social workers to address issues of poverty and social development in the context of MDGs.

Which presents an overview of policies and programs to reduce poverty and achieve social development and the MDGs in Uganda. The goals examined are the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, equity in education, improving maternal and child health, combating HIV/AIDZ and other diseases, gender equality and empowerment of women, ensuring environmental sustainability and developing global partnerships for development. The contribution of social work practitioners and the agencies where they are employed to poverty reduction, social development and specific MDGs is also examined. Firstly, an analysis of the conceptualization of poverty and social development as gathered from the current study is given.

Social work, poverty reduction, and Millennium Development Goals

There is increasing recognition of the primary role of social work in promoting social development. This role is very critical in situations of persistent poverty since poverty has a crippling effect on the functioning and well-being of individuals in society. In view of this, social work has a critical role to play in Uganda in contributing to efforts towards poverty eradication and the promotion of social development. From the review of literature, there is no doubt that many plans, programs and strategies have been put in place to address poverty and realize social development in Uganda. Some progress has been achieved in this regard, with the percentage of people living on less than one dollar a day dropping from 35% in 200 to 24.5% in 2015(UBOS, 2011), which translates to 7.5 million Ugandans. And yet from this study, poverty is still ranked the number one problem impacting on the welfare of societal members. The majority (84%) of the social work practitioners mentioned poverty as the key problem presented by their clients。

Other common problems presented to social workers included disease (particularly HIV/AIDS) and domestic violence. Less than a half (45%) of the agencies (employers) and 37% of the social work practitioners estimated their contribution to poverty reduction as high.

The majority of social workers (73%) had a general knowledge of the MDGs but only 27.5% knew them in detail. The highest contribution to the MDGs reported by social work practitioners was in the areas of health (53%), gender equality (51%), and building global partnerships for development (53%). Social worker contributions to the MDGs were identified in the combination of reducing both hunger and poverty (66%).

The causes of poverty as perceived by a cross-section of respondents included unemployment, disease, insecurity and marginalization. Unemployment is compounded by high levels of illiteracy, poor skills and low social capital. The respondents, particularly employers, argued that illiteracy breeds ignorance of the available opportunities and ways of harnessing the available resources. Lack of functional knowledge and skills can keep people poor. It was further noted that there was poor mobilization of groups into social networks to mobilize or solicit for resources. In addition, the high prevalence of preventable diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and sexually transmitted infections made people spend a lot of money on illness management instead of investing in productive ventures. Insecurity such as that which existed in northern Uganda for almost 20 years was also identified as a major cause of poverty in the region.

Generally the perceptions and consequent manifestation of poverty in this study do not differ much from those already documented in national surveys, particularly the Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment (GOU, 2000) in which poor people identified both material and non-material aspects of poverty and deprivation. What is clear, particularly from the views of the social work clients, is that poor people understand their undesirable situations and they are able to point to the root causes. Therefore, it is critically important to actively engage them at all levels of policy, programming and implementation of poverty reduction strategies in order to achieve sustainable social development.

Perceived social development as the right approach to reducing poverty as it empowers people by giving them knowledge and skills as well as opportunities to engage in gainful employment. It was more likely to lead to sustainable development of different systems. Many employers related this approach to a common proverb of “give me a hook/net and I will fish”; versus “give me fish and I will come back again for fish”. The person empowered with the tool and knowledge is more self reliant than that one given a handout. Likewise, for poverty reduction, people need to be given tools and skills.

Related with the above, some of the employers suggested that the skills given to beneficiaries need to be relevant for production of goods and services that other people need. However, the use of the social development approach r

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