存款保险制度及其影响研究外文翻译资料

Research on Deposit Insurance System and Its Influence

As one of the parts of the financial safety net, the deposit insurance system has played a very important role in protecting the interests of depositors, enhancing the trust of the depositors and maintaining the security of the financial system. The deposit insurance system was officially established in the United States in 1993 Established to the present, the world has more than 100 countries to establish the system.

In the economic and financial globalization and the rapid development of today, how to ensure the safe and efficient operation of financial security has become an unavoidable problem. As a kind of institutional arrangement to ensure the financial security of banks and other depository institutions, the deposit insurance system has been recognized by more and more countries. In simple terms, the deposit insurance system refers to a series of safeguards and management measures needed to maintain the stability of the financial system, protect the interests of depositors, and provide insurance for deposits deposited by commercial banks and other depository institutions. Deposit insurance is prevalent in the world, largely based on its successful experience in the United States. The deposit insurance system was first appeared in the United States unique financial system is inseparable from the 1930s crisis also played a catalytic role, during which a large number of bankruptcy bankruptcy, the interests of the majority of depositors and confidence have been hit. Forcing the US Congress to quickly pass the 'Grice - Steagall Act' and the establishment of the worlds first deposit insurance institutions - the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. A country whether to establish a deposit insurance system, the appropriate establishment, which Economic and financial development level, but also with the deposit insurance system selected by the specific model is directly related.

(A) Overview of the deposit insurance system

The deposit insurance system refers to the establishment of insurance institutions in the financial system, compulsory or voluntary absorption of insurance premiums deposited by banks or other financial institutions, the establishment of deposit insurance reserves, once the insured person suffered a risk accident, provided by the insurance agency to the insured Financial rescue or system of payment of part or all of the deposit directly from the insurance institution to the depositor. The establishment of the deposit insurance system is, first and foremost, to eliminate the systemic risk caused by the bank squeeze. The third is to establish a reasonable process to deal with a problem bank to facilitate the poor management of financial institutions to withdraw from the market, to reduce the 'bank too large and the bank is too large, Can not fail 'moral hazard. In addition, some deposit insurance agencies also perform the functions of the lender of last resort and the supervisory authority.

The deposit insurance system originated in the United States. The United States in 1933 took the lead through legislation to establish a deposit compulsory insurance system, the establishment of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Since the 1970s, the deposit insurance system has accelerated to expand to emerging market economies. Of the 183 member countries of the IMF, 67 have adopted a dominant deposit insurance system, while other countries have adopted varying degrees of recessive insurance.

The deposit insurance institution has the external manifestation form of the commercial insurance company, actually undertakes the liability of the deposit institution to the public deposit, and carries out the economic compensation function. The highest decision-making body of the deposit insurance company is the company management committee, the committee member may be nominated by the central bank governor, the chairman elected by the committee, appointed by the State Council prime minister. In order to strengthen the supervision of its operation, the company also set up a board of supervisors, supervisors, the central bank governor and the finance minister on a regular basis; members may be the relevant financial management departments, depository representatives, financial experts and other components.

(B) the history of the deposit insurance system and the latest development

The prevalence of the deposit insurance system in the world is largely based on its successful experience in the United States. The history of deposit insurance dates back to 1929 ~ 1933 during the big crisis, when the United States a total of 9096 bankruptcy closed, the interests of the majority of depositors have been hit. Forcing the US Congress to quickly pass the 'Grice - Steagall Act' and established the worlds first deposit insurance institutions - the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Although the former Czechoslovakia had established a deposit insurance system, due to lack of insurance, in 1924 to stop the operation. Since the former Czechoslovakia deposit insurance system was established for a short time and not representative, it was generally recognized that the United States was the first country in the world to formally establish deposit insurance. A definite conclusion is that there is neither a so-called best practice applicable to each economy nor a best-of-breed practice that can be used for any period of development in an economy. As a precedent for the deposit insurance system in the United States, after several changes, the deposit insurance system than the beginning of the implementation has improved a lot, in order to maintain the stability of the banking system has played a great role in the operation has been more standardized, but still can not say Is already a fully stylized system.

Whether a country to establish a deposit insurance system, when t

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存款保险制度及其影响研究

存款保险制度作为金融安全网的部分之一，在保护存款人的利益，增强存款人大众的信心和维护金融体系安全等方面都发挥了极大重要的作用，存款保险制度在1993年在美国正式确立到现在，全球已有超过一百多个国家建立了这个制度。

在经济金融化和金融全球化迅速发展的今天，如何保证金融安全高效地运作已成为无法回避的问题。存款保险制度作为保障银行等存款机构金融安全的一种制度安排，也得到越来越多国家认可。简单来说，存款保险制度是指为了维护金融体系的稳定发展、保护存款人利益，对商业银行和其他存款机构所吸纳的存款提供保险所需要的一系列保障和管理措施等的制度安排。存款保险在全球的盛行，主要基于其在美国的成功经验。存款保险制度之所以最早出现在美国独特的金融体系是分不开的，20世纪30年代大危机也起了催化作用，期间，大量银行破产倒闭，广大存款人的利益和信心均遭到重创。迫使美国国会迅速通过了《格莱斯——斯蒂格尔法》，并建立了世界上第一个存款保险机构——联邦存款保险公司.一个国家是否建立存款保险制度，合适建立，这与其经济、金融发展水平有关，也与存款保险制度所选择的具体模式有直接关联。

（一）存款保险制度概述

存款保险制度是指在金融体系中设立保险机构，强制地或自愿地吸收银行或其它金融机构缴存的保险费，建立存款保险准备金，一旦投保人遭受风险事故，由保险机构向投保人提供财务救援或由保险机构直接向存款人支付部分或全部存款的制度。存款保险制度的设立，首先是为了消除因银行挤提而导致的系统性风险。其次才是对存款人的存款提供全额或部分的保险，保护一般存款人的利益；第三是建立处理有问题银行的合理程序，便利经营不善的金融机构退出市场，减少“银行太大而不能倒闭”的道德风险。此外，一些存款保险机构还履行最后贷款人和监管参保机构的职能。

存款保险制度起源于美国。美国于1933年率先通过立法建立存款强制保险制度，成立了联邦存款保险公司。20世纪70年代起，存款保险制度加速向新兴市场经济国家扩展，在IMF的183个成员国中，有67个国家采取显性的存款保险制度，其他国家则采取不同程度的隐性保险制度。

存款保险机构具有商业保险公司的外在表现形式，实际承担了问题存款机构对公众存款的赔偿责任，执行经济补偿职能。存款保险公司的最高决策机构是公司管理委员会，委员会委员可一由央行行长提名，主席由委员会选举产生，由国务院总理任命。为加强对其运行的监督，公司还设立监事会，监事长，可由央行行长及财政部长定期轮任;成员可由有关金融管理部门、存款机构代表、金融专家等构成。

（二）存款保险制度的历史回顾与最新发展

存款保险制度在全球的盛行，主要基于其在美国的成功经验。存款保险的历史要追溯到1929～1933年大危机期间，当时美国共有9096家银行破产关闭，广大存款人的利益均遭到重创。迫使美国国会随后迅速通过了《格莱斯——斯蒂格尔法》，并建立了世界上第一个存款保险机构——联邦存款保险公司。虽然在此前，前捷克斯洛伐克曾建立存款保险制度，因保险金不足，于1924年停止营运。由于前捷克斯洛伐克存款保险制度建立的时间很短，不具有代表性，因此，通常公认美国为全世界首个正式建立存款保险的国家。一个可以肯定的结论是，既没有一个适用于各个经济体的所谓最佳做法，也不存在可供一个经济体任何发展时期使用的一劳永逸的最佳做法。作为开存款保险制度之先河的美国，历经多次变革，存款保险制度比实行之初已经改进了很多，为维护银行体系的稳定发挥了很大的作用，运作也已经比较规范，但仍不能说已经是一个完全定型的制度。

一个国家是否建立存款保险制度，何时建立，这与其经济、金融发展水平有关，存款保险制度之所以最早在美国出现并成功运行七十多年，这与美国独特的金融体系是分不开的，20世纪30年代大危机也起了催化作用。虽然在80～90年代存款保险制度受到来自各方指责，但是这并没有妨碍植根于美国金融体系的存款保险制度成为其他国家保障金融安全的共同选择，其成功运作的模式日益为其他国家效仿。

存款保险制度之所以最早在美国产生，这与其银行体系以及银行体系内的不稳定性及其特定的历史背景有着密切的联系。

美国存款保险制度的建立分为三个阶段：

第一阶段：建立存款保险制度之前的两次尝试。

第二阶段：美国联邦存款保险制度的建立：1933～1981年。

第三阶段：1981～1991年是过渡阶段。

第四阶段：1991年以后联邦存款保险制度问题严重的阶段。

美国存款保险制度建立至今，已有70 多年的历史，在这期间，无论是国际经济环境还是美国国内的银行体系及金融监管都发生了重大的变革，存款保险制度也历经几次改革，美国存款保险制度也同样存在弊端：

1、风险定价机制与风险大小不匹配

2、基于储备率要求存款保险费率波幅过大

3、承包额度缺乏对通货膨胀缩的可预期性调整

4、银行保险基金和储备贷款协会保险基金两个基金的分设已不合时宜

全球金融危机事件频频发生，给发生危机国家的经济造成了严重的破坏，有些国家甚至由此爆发了社会动乱。人们意识到了建立存款保险制度的必要性。因此从1980～2000年这20年间，有越来越多的国家选择存款保险作为保险金融安全的制度措施，建立存款保险制度的国家骤增。

存款保险制度是一种金融保障制度，由符合条件的各类存款性金融机构集中起来建立一个保险机构，各存款机构作为投保人按一定存款比例向其缴纳保险费，建立存款保险准备金。当成员机构发生经营危机或面临破产倒闭时，存款保险机构向其提供财务救助或直接向存款人支付部分或全部存款，从而保护存款人利益，维护银行信用，稳定金融秩序。

另外，已明确的存款保险制度取代政府隐含的存款保险制度更成为全球新的发展趋势。IMF统计截止2000年，全球共有67个国家和地区建立了存款保险制度，此外还有68个国家在法律或监管上对存款保险进行了明确的规定。在这些国家几乎所有的发达国家，如美、法、德、英等国家，部分发展中国家和地区如印度、哥伦比亚、中国台湾都建立了存款保险制度。

各地实践证明，存款保险制度保护了存款人利益，有效救助和处置了有问题金融机构，提高了金融监管水平，维护了金融经济乃至整个社会稳定发挥了巨大的作用，已成为金融安全网的重要的组成部分。为了使我国更加全面发展存款保险制度，真正实现金融业长治久安。

（三）结语

作为一种金融安全的保障制度，存款保险制度的本意是通过防止挤兑而是使得金融体系更加安全，但是设计不合理的话，结果会使得金融体系被削弱。本文在对存款保险基本问题进行研究的基础上，指出了当前隐性存款保险制度的现状产生的问题。存款保险制度受到了前所未有的重视，一个国家存款保险制度的构建模式设计，应在充分借鉴国际经验的基础上，认真思考，多方认证，建立一个激励与竞争机制并存的存款保险制度，实现保护存款人、稳定金融的制度目标。

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