抗战时期张恨水的商贾小说——以《魍魉世界》、《纸醉金迷》及《八十一梦》为例外文翻译资料

 2022-11-26 19:43:45

Chapter 1:

The Defamiliarization of Romantic Love in Mandarin Duck and Butterfly Fiction

While the fictional works and theoretical treaties on literary and social reform of the May Fourth writers are generally considered by western scholars to be the opening entries in the ledger of the modern Chinese literary canon,a similar position of legitimacy has continually eluded the body of popular fiction collectively known as Mandarin Duck and Butterfly literature produced by contemporaries of the May Fourth vanguard during the first three decades of the twentieth century. In the first decade of the Republican period,sentimental love stories,often,written in the classical style ,earned the pejorative “mandarin duck and butterfly” label due to a liberal use by Butterfly authors of poetic metaphors comparing pairs of mandarin ducks and butterflies to the tragic lovers in their texts. In the 1920rsquo;s, the parameters of his definition for Butterfly fiction were expanded by May Fourth critics to include other forms of popular old-style fictions such as “social” novels , “knight-errant” novels, “scandal “ novels,and “detective “ novels. The focus of this discussion is primarily on the sub-genre of sentimental love stories in Butterfly fiction.

Literary critics of modern Chinese fiction have long dismissed, Butterfly fiction as an inferior imitation of traditional romantic paradigms in favor of ostensibly more “progressive” explorations of the subjective . As i hope to demonstrate in this study, Mandarin duck and Butterfly literature offers a value alternative approach to the mimetic representation of desire. In many respects, Butterfly narratives echo works of traditional fiction in their ability to challenge established Confucian orthodoxy through the translation of passionate as Yingying ,Du Liniang, Lin Daiyu, and even the infamous Pan Jinlian, the Butterfly protagonists follow suit in their pursuit of romantic fulfillment over adherence to Confucian propriety which demands the regimentation of desire. As in the case of the premodern predecessors, the widespread appeal of the butterfly narratives suggests the considerable impact of their desire discourse upon the contemporary readership. But while traditional works of fiction affirm desire as an emblematic feature of our humanity even while depicting the tragic consequences of such transgressions, the “modern” transcription of the passionate experience in Mandarin Duck and Butterfly narratives strips love of all its redemptive potential. All characters in Butterfly works are without exception implicated by their desire. Ironically ,the ostensibly more “modern” . May Fourth entries of the Chinese literary canon resemble the very works of traditional fiction from which they claim to be divorced through the redemptive valve which they assign human passion. Lauded for its “progressive”themes, Ba Jinrsquo;s Family vilifies the Confucian establishment by revealing it as the constant nemesis to the “true love” pursuits of the youthful, more humanitarian protagonists. In contrast, Mandarin Duck and Butterfly works expose the decadent and often self destructive potential of love , freed from the shackles of Confucian morality. As an alternative to the desire discourses of both traditional fiction and modern Romanticism, the mimetic representation of desire by Mandarin Duck and Butterfly authors not only poses a challenge to the foundations of Confucian society, but moreover explores the discomfiting consequences of passion in a modern Republican context already one step removed from strict adherence to the dictates of Confucian morality.

Despite past attempts by May Fourth writers and their legacy to banish the popular fiction of the 1910rsquo;s and 1920rsquo;s to the margins of Chinese literary studies on the basis of its presumed adherence to feudal ideas and its apparent lack of commitment to the development of social progress, recent works of scholarship have endeavored both to revaluate and reintroduce Butterfly fiction into the dialogue on modern Chinese fiction and its historical development. In her chapter on Mandarin Duck and Butterfly literature in her work, Woman and Chinese Modernity:The Politics of Reading Between West and East 8Rey Chow presents a comprehensive overview and critical evaluation of contemporary “popular readings” of Butterfly fiction.Chow classifies contemporary readings of Butterfly fiction into two types of approaches: the “literary” and the “sociological.” Representative of the “literary” approach, C.T.Hsiarsquo;s essay , “Xu Zhenyarsquo;s Fate in Tears and Laughter: An Essay in Literary History and Criticism.” included in the Renditions special issue devoted to Chinese Middlebrow Fiction, views Fate in Tears and Laughter as “a culminating work” of the sentimental-erotic tradition in Chinese literature. “without which the tradition itself would have been felt wanting.” Hsiarsquo;s efforts to reinvest Middlebrow works such as Fate in Tears and Laughter with a value based on their status as developmental links in the sentimental-erotic tradition of Chinese literature is what prompts Chow to consider Hsiarsquo;s approach to Butterfly fiction as “literary.” . Like Hsiarsquo;s approach, E.Perry Linkrsquo;s work, Mandarin ducks and Butterflies, representative of what Chow refers to us the “sociological” approach, also seeks to reinvest Butterfly fiction with valve. Linkrsquo;s attempt at redemption, however, is based on his understanding of Butterfly fiction as, in essence, a corpus of sociological documents which reflects the ambivalence of a Republican readership towards modernization. Despite the apparent differences in their approaches to Butterfly fiction, chow sees a common flaw in the readings of both Hsia and Link:

The problem inherent in the powerful readings of Butterfly literature is that they often seek to assimilate it into tradition, either in the form of the Chinese literary canon, or in the form of the “Chinese people.”

Chow

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第一章

鸳鸯蝴蝶派小说中浪漫爱情的陌生化

当“五四”作家关于文学和社会改革的小说和理论作品被西方学者公认为是中国现代文学经典中的开场作品时,在二十世纪的第一个三十年,和“五四”先锋同时代产生的,被统称为鸳鸯蝴蝶派文学的通俗小说主体却一直未能得到一个类似的合法性位置。在民国的第一个十年里,由于经常以传统的风格书写悲情爱情小说的作者们,任意将作品文本中的悲剧恋人,诗意的隐喻为成对的鸳鸯和蝴蝶,而使他们获得了贬义的“鸳鸯蝴蝶派”的标签。在二十世纪二十年代,鸳鸯蝴蝶派小说的定义的参数由“五四”批评扩大到包括其他形式的流行旧小说,比如“社会小说”、“武侠小说”、“黑幕小说”和“侦探小说”。这场论争的焦点主要是关于鸳鸯蝴蝶派作品中属于悲情爱情小说的一类文本。

中国现代小说的文学评论已经被长久搁置了,鸳鸯蝴蝶派小说作为传统浪漫主义范式的仿制品,在表面上看是更“进步的”主观探索。因此我希望在这项研究中表明,鸳鸯蝴蝶派文学对欲望的模拟再现,提供了一种价值选择的方法。呼应传统小说的鸳鸯蝴蝶派的叙事作品,通过对莺莺、杜丽娘、林黛玉,甚至是臭名昭著的潘金莲形象的激情转化,在各个方面去挑战既定的儒家传统观念。鸳鸯蝴蝶派在效仿他们追求实现浪漫上,过度奉行儒家礼仪要求的欲望管制。比如在近代前辈的事例上,鸳鸯蝴蝶派的叙事的广泛的吸引力,表明他们的欲望话语在当代读者中有相当大的影响。但是,尽管传统小说作品肯定欲望作为我们人性的一个象征性的特征,甚至在描述这样越轨行为的悲剧后果。“现代性”的转录仍然体现在鸳鸯蝴蝶派对具有各种救赎潜力的爱的叙事的激情体验上。鸳鸯蝴蝶派作品中的所有人物,都无一例外的被他们的欲望所牵连。但讽刺的是,表面上来看,却更“现代”了。被他们归类于具有人类激情的救赎价值的中国文学经典里的“五四”作品,很像他们声称的要脱离的传统小说。巴金的《家》通过把儒家封建文化,作为青年追求“真爱”路上的永远的敌人,来抨击儒家封建文化。因此,《家》具有受到更多人道主义者称道的“进步”的主题。相比之下,鸳鸯蝴蝶派的作品则揭露了爱情的颓废和自我毁灭的潜能,并且摆脱了儒家传统道德的束缚。作为传统小说和现代浪漫主义的欲望话语的替代,鸳鸯蝴蝶派作家对欲望的模拟再现,不仅是对儒家传统社会的基础提出了挑战。更是在探索,民国现代语境下,已经从传统道德严守中退后一步的令人不安的激情后果。

基于通俗小说假定的对封建思想的坚持,和对社会进步发展的明显的动态缺乏,尽管“五四”作家和遗产,试图把二十世纪一十年代和二十年代的通俗小说放逐到中国文学研究的边缘位置。而近代学者研究仍然尝试,在中国现代小说及其历史发展中的对话中去重估和重新认识鸳鸯蝴蝶派小说。在周蕾作品中,关于鸳鸯蝴蝶派文学的《妇女与中国现代性》第一章节中:东方与西方作品中的政治。她介绍了当代“通俗读物”的鸳鸯蝴蝶派小说的全面概述和批判性评价。周蕾将当代小说中的鸳鸯蝴蝶派小说分为两类:“文学”和“社会学”。夏志清的文章,引用在中国通俗小说《译丛》特刊里的《徐枕亚的玉梨魂:一篇文学批评史》,属于“文学”这一类的代表。文章把《玉梨魂》视作中国文学情色传统的“最后的一个作品”,“没有这个,传统本身将会是残缺的”。夏正清的努力为像《玉梨魂》这样的通俗小说重设了一个基于其在中国文学感伤传统中有发展性联系的价值,也促使周蕾认为夏正清对鸳鸯蝴蝶小说的研究是“文学”这一类。像夏正清的研究,林培瑞研究鸳鸯蝴蝶派作品的文章,属于之前周蕾提到的“社会学”的代表,也试图价值重建鸳鸯蝴蝶派小说。然而林培瑞尝试的救赎,是基于他在本质上,把鸳鸯蝴蝶派小说理解为一个反映了民国读者对现代性矛盾心理的社会学文献的语料库。尽管夏正清和林培瑞对鸳鸯蝴蝶派的研究有着明显的不同,周蕾还是在二者的文章中看到了共同的缺陷:鸳鸯蝴蝶派里有影响力的文学作品中所固有的问题是,他们经常追求融入传统,无论是以中国文学经典的形式,还是以“中国人”的形式。

周蕾的文章不同于夏正清和林培瑞的重建性的研究,她对鸳鸯蝴蝶派小说的观点是“它本身,就已经是对现代中国社会和意识形态的阅读”,凭借鸳鸯蝴蝶派作家的写作行为,远离传统的封建思想。周蕾提倡的是,避开在既定传统中,限制鸳鸯蝴蝶派小说的分析的一种激进的举动。她自己的研究《女性阅读》,就像是夏正清和林培瑞的文章一样,在各种各样流行的言情小说叙事中,没有去更批判的考虑“情”的中心现象,也没有更特殊的去考虑“爱情”的中心现象。

但是,周蕾为鸳鸯蝴蝶派小说的更唯物主义者,和信息量更大的鸳鸯蝴蝶派的学术,所开的创新性的处方,是一个有希望的新的起点。对周蕾来说,蝴蝶派小说中的爱仅仅是“表现一个显然的在极限下编纂的贞洁被压迫的现实事件”。我认为,在许多蝴蝶派小说里,“爱”不能简单的简化成一个“事件”,一个精心策划的简便装置。相反地,在某些鸳鸯蝴蝶派文本中,一种复杂的话语在每个作者各自对爱或多情的独特理解中演变着。实际上,这种爱情话语把中国现实摆在了,一个通过可辨认的形式结构的机制,实行微妙而严密的监控下的民国时期。在这一点上,它可以有效的澄清,“鸳鸯蝴蝶派言情小说”的概括术语并不是有意误导读者去错误的认为,鸳鸯蝴蝶派作家对爱的想象都是共同一致的,从而构成一种多情的单一话语。实际上,鸳鸯蝴蝶派的浪漫爱情的描写,和他们塑造的个性一样,是不同的。尽管有这些差异,很多鸳鸯蝴蝶派的浪漫爱情叙事表现出共同的元素,这些元素一起为监控这种表达文本嫌疑的所有参与者、行为、约定和意识形态而服务。这场讨论的主要目标是,通过展现和评论三部小说语境中的客观现实,去严格审查多情话语的形式特征。这三部小说是,鸳鸯蝴蝶派在二十世纪第一个三十年里,最受欢迎和最广泛流传的,分别是徐枕亚的《玉梨魂》、张恨水的《金粉世家》和《啼笑因缘》。

如果我们审视出对五四知识分子和他们将鸳鸯蝴蝶的浪漫题材作为整体的现代遗产的总体的异议,那么这些汇集了这三部代表作中爱情话语,去解构民国社会历史现实的假定重合点,将会更容易分辨。“五四”作家如此强烈地提出异议的是,他们被认为是传统的重申。鸳鸯蝴蝶派叙事的“封建”价值观,和通俗小说作者对夸张过度、不合情理的突发事件以及巧合的阴谋闹剧的明显偏好,超过了更有社会意识的现实主义话语。二十世纪三十年代的学者夏正农的《读啼笑因缘》表示了两者的标准,他的“五四”前辈们透过这种标准判断文学作品,对通俗小说和张恨水这样的鸳鸯蝴蝶派作家持有消极的估计:

都有社会意义的伟大作品,无论他的描写,是在肯定的方面,或否定的方面,无论它是暴露或启示都应该尽量发挥其积极性。应该从那复杂的社会生湖中,烘托出正在进展着的社会动向。然而《啼笑因缘》所把握的所描写的,都只是一社会上的浮躁、消极的、歪曲的、杂乱无章的,于是在整个故事的结构上,也就形成一篇“偶然”的凑合,逃不出传奇小说那种“唱戏脱了节,除非神仙来接”的圈套。

而夏正农如实地记录比如《啼笑因缘》这种源于传统中国叙事形式的戏剧性配置“偶然”的使用,在大众读者群中引起了“社会进步”的思考。事实上,一些鸳鸯蝴蝶派的浪漫小说内容,在从根本上质疑传统的意识形态和做法上,有时比“五四”知识分子在当时愿意承认的更有效。

如果我们更紧密的考虑到“五四”时期的文化氛围,也更明显的表明,像是张恨水和徐枕亚这样的鸳鸯蝴蝶派作家的作品中沉重的情感和感伤,并没有完全落后表面上更积极的二十世纪二十年代的早期“五四”创造社成员的浪漫主义的信条。正如李欧梵《浪漫的一代》中记录的,“五四”时期,虽然也许更好地被公认为是中国现代文学和文化重生的分水岭,同时也标志着在众多中国知识分子中发生的浪漫主义的重大革命。处于“五四”思潮中情感潮流前沿的,是中国第一个主要的西方文学译介者林纾,他翻译的《茶花女》最广为人知,据说对徐枕亚《玉梨魂》的写作产生过影响。正如李欧梵解释的那样,林纾并不认为道德和情感是相互排斥的现象:

···林纾作为儒家道德的卫士,试图在道德和情感之间架建一座桥梁,通过灌输情感以同样程度的符合道德行为的严肃性。对他而言,感情超过礼的内部的反思,正如《论语》中规定的,感情即道德。

林纾认为,实际上,道德和感情之间的间隙,在鸳鸯蝴蝶派浪漫小说中的语境下被成功地桥联了。严肃文学关注对戏剧性模式极为重要的伦理要求和道德行为,以这种方法,丰富多情的感伤和过多的情感往往通过夸大、夸张的修辞投射进鸳鸯蝴蝶派的文本中。王德威在讨论老舍小说情节中,阐述了通俗剧的道德关切:虽然可能会显得轻浮,但戏剧化写作的核心在于,对在我们的日常生活和行为背后的道德后果的深切关怀,其目的是恢复迷失的社会秩序和伦理要求。

作为一种还原道德和情感冲突的叙事形态特征,通俗剧常常被认为是一种高度不足、只满足基本目的的有限模式的大众娱乐。其态度和姿态的夸张,展示了一种对有序的最大透明度世界的表达欲望。尽管鸳鸯蝴蝶派作家的通俗剧,可能会与许多“五四”作家所提倡的批判现实主义对立。但这两种话语模式的目标,并不一定是相互排斥的。把夸张修辞表面的局限性先放到一边,鸳鸯蝴蝶派作家的通俗剧内在想和“五四”现实主义流派分享的是,他们对中国人精神状态和日常行为道德含义的共同关注。通过同是现实主义和通俗剧所共有的这些共同的道德和精神关注,“在现实主义和夸张化写作之间的不同”就更明显。有鉴于此,我们应该考虑的不是通俗叙事结构是如何偏离我们认为可能甚至是可能的现实领域,而是应该考虑,是什么样的一个戏剧性视角的评论,呈现在爱情和现实的传统观念上。

节选自:Maria Eleanor S. Lim-Midyett,《人类欲望的模拟再现: 对中国小说二十世纪的代表作品中情欲和浪漫激情的谱系研究》,美国耶鲁大学博士论文,1999。

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